| Leopold Friedrich Anton Ambronn | Astronomy | | | 1887 | George Friedrich Wilhelm Rümker (grad student) |
| Robert d'Escourt Atkinson | stellar structure, relativity | | | 1928 | James Franck (grad student) |
| Walter Baade | | | | 1919 | Johannes Franz Hartmann (grad student) |
| Tadeusz Julian Banachiewicz | | | | 1905 | Karl Schwarzschild (post-doc) |
| Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel | Astronomy | | | 1810 | Carl Gauß (Gauss) (grad student) |
| Martin Brendel | Celestial mechanics | | | | |
| Günter Brückner | solar physics | | | 1961 | Paul ten Bruggencate (grad student) |
| Subramanyan Chandrasekhar | astrophysics | | | 1931 | Max Born (research assistant) |
| Matthias Dietrich | | | | 1991 | Klaus Joachim Fricke (grad student) |
| Günther H. E. Elste | solar spectroscopy | | | 1953 | Paul ten Bruggencate (grad student) |
| Johann Franz Encke | Astronomy | | 1811 | 1816 | Carl Gauß (Gauss) (research assistant) |
| Klaus Joachim Fricke | | | | 1967 | Rudolf Kippenhahn (grad student) |
| Walter Grotrian | Astrophysics | | | 1915 | Hermann Theodor Simon (grad student) |
| Johannes Franz Hartmann | | | | | |
| Gustav Ferdinand Joseph Herglotz | Mathematics, Theoretical Physics, Astronomy | | | | |
| Hans Kienle | Astronomy | | | | |
| Ernst Friedrich Wilhelm Klinkerfues | Astronomy | | | 1855 | Carl Gauß (Gauss) (grad student) |
| Arnold Kohlschütter | | | | 1907 | Karl Schwarzschild (grad student) |
| Norbert Langer | stellar and binary evolution, nucleosynthesis, stellar winds, binary mass transfer and accretion, formation and evolution of circumstellar and circumbinary nebulae, formation of white dwarfs, neutron stars, black holes, supernovae and gamma ray bursts | | | 1986 | Klaus Joachim Fricke (grad student) |
| Georg Christoph Lichtenberg | geodetics, meteorology, astronomy, chemistry | | | 1765 | Abraham Gotthelf Kästner (grad student) |
| Reimar Lüst | | | | 1951 | Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker (grad student) |
| Peter Meyer | cosmic rays | | | 1948 | Wolfgang Paul (grad student), Hans Kopfermann (grad student) |
| Walter L. Sanders | | | | 1970 | Hans-Heinrich Voigt (grad student) |
| Wilhelm Schur | Astronomy | | | 1867 | Ernst Friedrich Wilhelm Klinkerfues (grad student) |
| Martin Schwarzschild | Astrophysics | | | 1935 | Hans Kienle (grad student) |
| Heinrich Siedentopf | Astrophysics, periodic variable stars | | | 1929 | Hans Kienle (grad student), Otto Heckmann (grad student) |
| Hans Straßl | Astronomy | | | 1932 | Hans Kienle (grad student) |
| Paul ten Bruggencate | Astronomy | | 1924 | 1926 | Hans Kienle (post-doc) |
| Robert Julius Trumpler | | | | 1910 | Leopold Friedrich Anton Ambronn (grad student) |
| Sidney van den Bergh | structure and evolution of galaxies, the extragalactic distance scale, supernovae, star clusters, and variable stars | | | 1956 | Paul ten Bruggencate (grad student) |
| Bartel L. van der Waerden | Algebraic geometry, history of mathematics and astronomy | | | 1927 | David Hilbert (post-doc), Emmy Noether (research assistant) |
| Hans-Heinrich Voigt | Solar physics | Astronomy | | 1949 | Paul ten Bruggencate (grad student) |
| Emanuel von der Pahlen | Astronomy | | | 1909 | Karl Schwarzschild (grad student) |
| Rupert Wildt | | | 1930 | 1933 | Hans Kienle (post-doc) |