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Manchester, England

University of Manchester

Name	Area	Department	Start Year	Stop Year	Advisor
Robert Robinson	Organic chemistry, natural products chemistry			1910	William Henry Perkin (grad student)
Walter Norman Haworth				1911	William Henry Perkin (grad student)
Arthur Harden	Biochemistry			1885	Henry Enfield Roscoe (research assistant)
Ernest Warhurst				1936	Michael Polanyi (grad student)
John C. Polanyi	Physical chemistry, chemical kinetics			1952	Ernest Warhurst (grad student)
John Lionel Simonsen				1907	William Henry Perkin (grad student)
Robert Downs Haworth				1922	Arthur Lapworth (grad student)
Basil Lythgoe	organic chemistry			1936	Ian (Isidore) Morris Heilbron (grad student)
Michael Szwarc	Physical and Polymer Chemistry			1947	Michael Polanyi (grad student)
Harusada Suginome				1927	Robert Robinson (grad student)
Daniel Douglas Eley				1937	Michael Polanyi (grad student)
Fred Fairbrother				1925	Harold Baily Dixon (grad student)
Alan H. Cowley	main group, transition metal chemistry			1958	Fred Fairbrother (grad student)
Ralph Massy-Westropp				1958	Arthur John Birch (grad student)
Michael B. Hall	Inorganic Chemistry, Theoretical Chemistry			1975	Ian Hillier (post-doc)
Michael Smith	Nucleic acid chemistry				Ewart Ray Herbert Jones (research assistant)
James Baddiley	biosynthesis, structure and biological function of various biochemical compounds, especially the discovery of teichoic acids, major components of cell wall structure of bacteria.				Basil Lythgoe (grad student)
William Arthur Bone	Explosives				Harold Baily Dixon (research assistant)
John Read					William Jackson Pope (post-doc)
Neil Dixon	Chemical biology, Medicinal chemistry and Synthetic Biology				Jason Micklefield (post-doc)
Ewart Ray Herbert Jones				1938	Ian (Isidore) Morris Heilbron (post-doc)
James Riddick Partington	physical chemistry			1911	Arthur Lapworth (research assistant)
Bernard L. Shaw	Inorganic Chemistry			1953	Ewart Ray Herbert Jones (grad student)
A. Geoffrey Sykes	Inorganic Reaction Mechanisms			1958	William C. E. Higginson (grad student)
John H. Baxendale				1939	Ernest Warhurst (grad student), Michael Polanyi (grad student)
Meredith Gwynne Evans	Reaction mechanisms				Arthur Lapworth (grad student)
J. Kerry Thomas	application of short-pulsed laser photochemistry and photophysics to the study of reactions in colloidal or organized systems, and polymers			1957	John H. Baxendale (grad student)
Leslie Hough	carbohydrate chemistry			1949	J. Ken N. (John Kenyon Netherton) Jones (grad student), Edmund Langley Hirst (grad student)
Harry Heaney	heterocyclic chemistry			1957	Ian Torrance Millar (grad student)
Harold Hibbert	Industrial and Cellulose Chemistry			1900	William Henry Perkin (research assistant)
Charles Horrex	Physical chemistry				George Norman Burkhardt (grad student)
Noel Sydney Hush	Theoretical chemistry				Meredith Gwynne Evans (grad student)
John Masson Gulland	Organic chemistry; Biochemistry				Robert Robinson (grad student)
Alexander Leicester McAulay	Particle physics; Cosmic radiation; Biophysics			1921	Ernest Rutherford (grad student)
Ian M. Sussex	Plant development			1953	Herbert Edward Street (post-doc), Claude W. Wardlaw (grad student)
D Smithies					John H. Baxendale (grad student)
Geoffrey Eglinton	Organic Geochemistry			1951	Ewart Ray Herbert Jones (grad student)
Rudolf Signer	Organic Chemistry				W. Lawrence Bragg (post-doc)
Richard H. F. Manske				1926	Robert Robinson (grad student)
Gordon Harlow Whitham	Total Synthesis			1953	Ewart Ray Herbert Jones (grad student)
David Leonard Chapman	Physical chemistry			1907	Harold Baily Dixon (research scientist)
Wesley Cocker	Organic Chemistry			1931	Arthur Lapworth (grad student), Robert Robinson (research assistant)
W. C. Evans				1937	Henry Stanley Raper (grad student)
Kazimierz Fajans	Physical chemistry			1911	Ernest Rutherford (post-doc)
Cyril N. H. Long				1921	Arthur Lapworth (research assistant)
H. Douglas Grundy				1966	William Lester Brown (grad student)
Christopher D. Smith					Michael F. Greaney (post-doc)
Francis Lions	Organic chemistry			1925	Robert Robinson (grad student)
Wilson Baker				1924	Arthur Lapworth (research assistant), Robert Robinson (grad student), Arthur Lapworth (research assistant)
Henry Enfield Roscoe	Photochemistry
Henry Stanley Raper
Arthur Lapworth
David A. Leigh	Organic Chemistry
Durward W. J. Cruickshank	X-ray structure analysis
Eric James Thomas	Total Synthesis
David John Proctor	Samarium chemistry
Sabine Flitsch	Glycosciences, Biocatalysis Protein-Ligand Interactions
Geoffrey Gee	Polymers
Simon Webb	Biological functionalisation
David Berrisford	Structure-Selective RNA Recognition, Biomimetic Catalysis Using Conformationally-Constrained Peptides
Michael Anderson	Materials
Peter Quayle	Organometallics, Synthetic Methodology, Atom Transfer Reactions, Asymmetric Synthesis, Polymer Chemistry
Andrew Regan	Organic Methodology
Alan Brisdon	Fluorine chemistry
Nicholas Bryan	Radiochemistry
Peter M. Budd	Polymers
Neil Burton	Computational chemistry
Cinzia Casiraghi	Graphene
Ben Coe	Transition metal coordination chemistry
David Collison	Coordination chemistry
Jonathan NL Connor	Kinetic studies
Jason Micklefield	Nucleic Acid Redesign and Recognition, Biocatalysis and Enzyme Mechanism, Biosynthesis and Biosynthetic Engineering
Robert Dryfe	Electrochemistry
Lee B. Mullen
Michael Crowe
Saidul Islam
Charles Andrew McAuliffe	Inorganic and coordination chemistry
Claude W. Wardlaw
Guzmán Gil-Ramírez		School of Chemistry	2013	2016	David A. Leigh (post-doc)
Brian Derby	ceramics and glasses, biomaterials, nanostructured materials
Thomas J. Williams	Chemistry
Michael F. Greaney
David J. Procter
David P. Mills
Iain May
William Lester Brown
Andrew B. Horn
Mala Alhaji Sainna	Quantum chemistry
Eric J. L. McInnes			1995	1998	Frank E. Mabbs (post-doc), David Collison (post-doc)
Richard H. Henchman	Statistical Mechanics, Theoretical Chemistry
Vanesa Marcos		Chemistry			David A. Leigh (post-doc)
Douglas N. Butler		Chemistry		1963	Arthur John Birch (grad student)
Ray P. Prajnamitra	Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Physical Organic Chemistry
Salma Kassem	Organic chemistry	Organic Chemistry	2013	2017	David A. Leigh (grad student)
John Helliwell
Anthony P. Green	Chemical biology, biocatalysis, organic synthesis	Chemistry			Sabine Flitsch (post-doc)
Ernest Rutherford	Atomic Structure			1907	Arthur Schuster (research scientist)
Nicola Tirelli	polymer chemistry, biomaterials, drug delivery
Jnanendra Nath Ray	Pharmaceutical chemistry			1926	Robert Robinson (grad student)
Terence C. Owen				1954	H. Bernard Henbest (grad student), Ewart Ray Herbert Jones (grad student)
Ganugapati Sree Rama Subbarao	Synthetic organic chemistry, natural products chemistry			1966	Arthur John Birch (grad student)
Pavle Mocilac	chemistry				Melissa A. Denecke (post-doc)
James D. Senior	Organic chemistry	Chemistry			Jonathan Clayden (grad student)
Mushi Santappa	Polymer chemistry, Synthetic high polymers, Leather technology			1951	Meredith Gwynne Evans (grad student)
Mathias Nilsson
Thaís Mendonça Barbosa		School of chemistry School of chemistry			Mathias Nilsson (grad student), Gareth A. Morris (grad student)
Michael J. Ingleson
Michael L. Turner
Ganesh Sakharam Agashe	Organic chemistry, stereochemistry			1915	Harold Baily Dixon (research scientist), Chaim Weizmann (grad student)
Floriana Tuna		Chemistry			Michael John Hannon (post-doc)
Richard T. Brown
Sydney John Hickson
Solon Georghiou	General Biophysics, Molecular Physics, Biochemistry			1967	John Betteley Birks (grad student)
David John
Raymond Brazenor Clayton				1952	Ewart Ray Herbert Jones (grad student), H. Bernard Henbest (grad student)
Jocelyn F. Thorpe					William Henry Perkin (post-doc)
Thomas Edward Thorpe	Inorganic chemistry, physical chemistry, analytical chemistry			1868	Henry Enfield Roscoe (research assistant)
Adam Colbourne					Mathias Nilsson (grad student)
Adolfo Botana					Mathias Nilsson (grad student)
Alexandria Rogerson					Mathias Nilsson (grad student)
Iain Swan					Mathias Nilsson (grad student)
Aaron Hernandez-Cid					Mathias Nilsson (grad student)
Pinelopi Moutzouri					Mathias Nilsson (grad student)
Guilherme Dal Poggetto					Mathias Nilsson (grad student)
Laura Castañar					Mathias Nilsson (post-doc)
Péter Király					Mathias Nilsson (post-doc)
Juan Aguilar					Mathias Nilsson (post-doc)
Liladhar Paudel	Analytical Chemistry, Food Science and Technology Agriculture				Mathias Nilsson (post-doc)
Mohammadali Foroozandeh					Mathias Nilsson (post-doc)
Neil Bricklebank		Chemistry			Charles Andrew McAuliffe (grad student)
Daniel J Tetlow	Supramolecular Chemistry	Chemistry Chemistry			Jonathan Clayden (grad student), David A. Leigh (research assistant)
Jean-François Lemonnier	Molecular knots	Organic chemistry	2013		David A. Leigh (post-doc)
John S. Briggs	Theoretical Physics			1968	Arvid Herzenberg (grad student)
Richard d'Arcy					Nicola Tirelli (grad student)
Timothée Constantin	Catalysis
John Edward Carless	Pharmaceutics			1949	Harry Brindle (grad student)
Alec H Sehon	Molecular and Cellular Biology			1950	Meredith Gwynne Evans (grad student)
Igor Larrosa
Allan G Lowe
Samuel Jones
Maheswaran Shanmugam				2006	Richard E. P. Winpenny (grad student)
H. Bernard Henbest	Organic Chemistry
Alfredo Maria Gravagnuolo				2017	Kostas Kostarelos (post-doc)
Frank E. Mabbs
Geoffrey A. Cordell				1970	George F. Smith (grad student), George N. Smith (grad student)
George F. Smith
George N. Smith
Viktor N Thaller				1951	Ewart Ray Herbert Jones (research scientist)
Sungwon Hwang		Chemical Engineering		2004	Robin Smith (grad student)
Robin Smith
Jin-Kuk Kim		Process Integration		2001	Robin Smith (grad student)
Michael Binns		Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science		2013	Jin-Kuk Kim (grad student)
Darren Willcox
Richard Vernon Wheeler					William Arthur Bone (research assistant)
Thomas Kennedy Walker	Biochemistry				Chaim Weizmann (research scientist)
Richard John Prince	Pharmacology, Pedagogy
Abhishek Dewanji			2020	2022	David J. Procter (post-doc)
Nicholas F. Chilton				2015	Eric J. L. McInnes (grad student), Richard E. P. Winpenny (grad student)
Rizwan Nabi					Nicholas F. Chilton (post-doc)
Josephine H. Naish	MRI
Aubrey F. Trotman‐Dickenson				1952	Meredith Gwynne Evans (grad student)
Huw Owen Pritchard				1951	Meredith Gwynne Evans (grad student), Henry Alistair Skinner (grad student)
Rebecca Beveridge				2016	Perdita Elizabeth Barran (grad student)
William Byers Brown	Theoretical chemistry			1953	Meredith Gwynne Evans (grad student), Hugh Christopher Longuet-Higgins (grad student)
Henry A. Shiner
Inmaculada Paz Andrade					Henry A. Shiner (grad student)
Michael Patrick Shaver
Ralph W. Adams	NMR Spectroscopy, Structure Elucidation, Methodology
Arthur H. G. David	Chemistry
Alistair Fielding
David A. Baldwin
Muhammad Qadri Effendy Bin Mubarak	Computational Chemistry
Pawel Grzechnik	transcription termination, non-coding RNAs
Richard Norman Jones	Molecular spectroscopy			1936	Ian (Isidore) Morris Heilbron (grad student)
Nicholas J. Turner
Juan Mangas-Sanchez					Nicholas J. Turner (post-doc)
Paul Popelier
Huakui Liu			2022		David A. Leigh (post-doc)
Martin Attfield	Materials
Bhupender S. Gupta	Biomedical Engineering, Materials Science Engineering, Polymer Chemistry			1963	John W.S. Hearle (grad student)
George Herbert Bailey	Inorganic chemistry, metallurgical chemistry			1884	Henry Enfield Roscoe (grad student)
Gilbert John Fowler	Applied chemistry, biochemistry			1887	George Herbert Bailey (grad student)
Brian Robinson	Medicinal chemistry, natural product chemistry, pharmacy			1960	George Fouet Smith (grad student)
George Fouet Smith	Synthetic organic chemistry, indoles
Stephanie Flude				2005	Raymond Burgess (grad student), Dave McGarvie (grad student)
Michael Polanyi					Meredith Gwynne Evans (collaborator)
Bohuslav Brauner	Rare earth metals atomic masses		1880	1882	Henry Enfield Roscoe (post-doc)
William Henry Perkin	Organic synthesis
Sigmund Otto Rosenheim	Biochemistry		1894	1895	William Henry Perkin (post-doc)
John Joseph Sudborough	Organic chemistry, reaction kinetics		1894	1895	William Henry Perkin (grad student)
Chaim Weizmann	Organic chemistry, Biochemistry
Andrew Norman Meldrum	Organic chemistry, history of chemistry		1907	1912	William Henry Perkin (post-doc)
George de Hevesy	Inorganic chemistry, nuclear chemistry		1911	1914	Ernest Rutherford (post-doc)
George Norman Burkhardt			1921	1925	Arthur Lapworth (grad student)
Alan Sterling Parkes	reproductive endocrinology		1922	1923	Sydney John Hickson (grad student)
Krishnaswami Venkataraman	Organic chemistry, Dye chemistry		1923	1927	Robert Robinson (grad student)
Alexander Robertson	natural products		1924	1926	Robert Robinson (post-doc)
Thiruvenkata Rajendra Seshadri	Natural products chemistry, pharmacology		1927	1929	Robert Robinson (grad student)
Donald Holroyde Hey
C. E. H. Bawn			1931	1938	Michael Polanyi (post-doc)
Richard Andrew Ogg	Physical chemistry		1933	1934	Michael Polanyi (post-doc)
Melvin Calvin	Photosynthesis		1935	1937	Michael Polanyi (post-doc)
Henry Alistair Skinner	Chemical Thermodynamics
Brian Glover Gowenlock	Physical and Inorganic Chemistry		1946	1949	Michael Polanyi (grad student), Ernest Warhurst (grad student)
Harry Brindle	Pharmacy
William C. E. Higginson	redox chemistry		1948	1952	Meredith Gwynne Evans (research scientist)
John S. Rowlinson	Physical chemistry
Dhananjoy Nasipuri	Stereochemistry, polynuclear aromatic compounds		1956	1957	Arthur John Birch (post-doc)
Donald Cameron			1957	1960	Arthur John Birch (grad student)
Wilfred D. Stein	Biological Chemistry
Richard A. Walton	synthesis, structure and reactivity of transition metal halides, hydrides, carboxylates and phosphine complexes		1964	1965	Jack Lewis (post-doc)
Brian F. G. Johnson			1964	1967	Jack Lewis (post-doc)
Ian Hillier	computational chemistry
Christopher David Garner	Bioorganometallic chemistry
Peter A. Crooks	General Chemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry			1970	Brian Robinson (grad student)
Phillip R. Certain	Theoretical chemistry		1969	1970	William Byers Brown (post-doc)
William Levason	Synthetic inorganic chemistry		1970	1975	Charles Andrew McAuliffe (grad student)
Malcolm Rowland
John Leonard	Organic Chemistry	Chemistry	1976	1979	Richard T. Brown (grad student)
Adrian R Walmsley		Biochemistry	1983	1986	Allan G Lowe (grad student)
Timothy John Egan		Chemistry	1984	1988	David A. Baldwin (grad student)
Stephen Rimmer
Joseph J W McDouall	Computational and theoretical chemistry
James H. Naismith	Structural biology	Chemistry	1989	1992	John Helliwell (grad student)
Jonathan McMaster	Inorganic chemistry		1992	1995	Christopher David Garner (grad student)
Michael James Waring	Chemistry
Jonathan Clayden	Organic Synthesis
Melissa A. Denecke	nuclear chemistry, nuclear fuel cycle
Richard Layfield	Organometallic chemistry		1999	2002	Dominic Wright (grad student)
Gareth A. Morris
Clare-Louise (Evans) Towse	Chemistry	Chemistry	2000	2002	Gareth A. Morris (grad student)
Rajeev Assary	Modeling, energy storage	Chemistry	2000	2005	Ian Hillier (grad student)
Gopalan Rajaraman			2001	2004	Eric J. L. McInnes (grad student), Richard E. P. Winpenny (grad student)
Christopher J. Ballentine	Geochemistry
Shane Ratcliffe	Inorganic coordination chemistry		2004	2010	Stephen Martin Godfrey (grad student)
Sam P. de Visser	Computational Chemistry, Bioinorganic Chemistry, Thermodynamics
Viswanathan Baskar	Inorganic and organometallic coordination chemistry		2005	2007	Richard E. P. Winpenny (post-doc)
Nicholas C. Jones	Molecular Biology
Wesley J. Moran		Chemistry	2006	2007	Jonathan Clayden (post-doc)
Stephen P. Fletcher			2007	2009	Jonathan Clayden (post-doc)
Ulrich Hennecke	Organic Chemistry		2007	2008	Jonathan Clayden (post-doc)
Lokman Hakim Choudhury	Synthetic organic chemistry, heterocyclic and biologically active compounds		2007	2008	David John Proctor (post-doc)
Robert Evans	NMR		2008	2012	Mathias Nilsson (post-doc)
Gilles Lemière			2008	2010	Jonathan Clayden (post-doc)
Susannah C. Coote		Chemistry	2009	2012	David J. Procter (post-doc)
Harapriya Rath			2009	2011	Richard E. P. Winpenny (post-doc)
Thomas Boddaert	organic chemistry, catalysis, organometallic chemistry		2010	2010	Jonathan Clayden (post-doc)
Robin J. Blagg	Inorganic Chemistry, Electrochemistry	School of Chemistry	2010	2013	Eric J. L. McInnes (post-doc)
Jinesh Mistry			2010	2015	John M. Gardiner (grad student)
Dhifaf Jasim			2010	2015	Kostas Kostarelos (grad student)
Guillaume De Bo	Organic Chemistry, Supramolecular Chemistry, Macromolecular chemistry, Molecular Machines		2011		David A. Leigh (post-doc)
John M. Gardiner
Garrett T. Potter			2011	2015	John M. Gardiner (grad student)
Charlotte E. Daltion			2012	2016	John M. Gardiner (grad student)
Josue Ayuso-Carrillo		Chemistry Chemistry	2012	2016	Michael J. Ingleson (grad student), Michael L. Turner (grad student)
James Gubbins			2012	2016	Kostas Kostarelos (grad student)
Zahraa Al-Ahmady	Drug Delivery, Nanomedicine		2012	2018	Kostas Kostarelos (post-doc)
Christopher J. Teskey			2012	2016	Michael F. Greaney (grad student)
Jafar Alkabli		Chemistry	2012	2016	John M. Gardiner (grad student)
Yusuf Cakmak		Chemistry	2013	2016	David A. Leigh (post-doc)
Sundus Erbas-Cakmak		Chemistry	2013	2016	David A. Leigh (post-doc)
Leon Newman			2013	2017	Kostas Kostarelos (grad student)
Marilena Hadjidemetriou			2013	2017	Kostas Kostarelos (grad student)
Sachin G Modha	organic chemistry
Kostas Kostarelos	nanomedicine, drug delivery, liposome, carbon nanotube, graphene, gene therapy, regenerative medicine
Jie An	Organic synthesis, New synthetic methods, Deuteration, Radical Chemistry	Chemistry	2013	2015	David J. Procter (post-doc)
Kuntal Pal	Inorganic Chemistry		2013	2015	Richard Layfield (post-doc)
Joshua D. Caldwell			2013	2014	Konstantin Sergeevich Novoselov (research scientist)
Colm Browne		Chemistry	2014		David A. Leigh (post-doc)
Fabrizio Ortu	Inorganic chemistry, Organometallic chemistry	Chemistry Chemistry Chemistry	2017	2019	David P. Mills (post-doc), Stephen T. Liddle (post-doc), Richard E. P. Winpenny (post-doc), Louise Natrajan (post-doc)
Yein Nam			2014	2017	Kostas Kostarelos (grad student)
Huan-Ming Huang			2014	2017	David J. Procter (grad student)
James P. S. Walsh			2014	2015	Alistair Fielding (post-doc), David Collison (grad student), Eric J. L. McInnes (grad student), Richard E. P. Winpenny (grad student)
Robin Jeanneret		Chemistry	2014	2018	John M. Gardiner (grad student)
Fiona Porter	Nanoscience, Graphene, Porphyrin Nanorings
James McDonagh
Marc Font	Organic Chemistry, Organometallic Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, Catalysis	School of Chemistry	2015	2017	Igor Larrosa (post-doc)
Sheng Zhang	heterogenous catalysis, electrochemical energy, 2D materials		2015	2018	Andre Konstantin Geim (research scientist)
Rafaela Paz Garcia			2015		Kostas Kostarelos (grad student)
Maria Pascual Lucas			2015	2018	Kostas Kostarelos (post-doc)
Sara P. Morcillo	Organic chemistry	Organic	2016		Daniele Leonori (post-doc)
Livia Crica			2016		Kostas Kostarelos (grad student)
Thomas Kisby			2016		Kostas Kostarelos (grad student)
Anna Gray			2016	2018	Kostas Kostarelos (post-doc)
Jie Li
Richard Collins	Inorganic chemistry
Srimanta Manna	Organic chemistry		2017	2020	David J. Procter (post-doc)
Adrian Esteban Arranz			2017	2019	Kostas Kostarelos (post-doc)
Arun Kumar Bar	Inorganic Chemistry, Organometallic Chemistry, Supramolecular Chemistry, Molecular Magnetism		2017	2019	Richard Layfield (post-doc)
Dongda Zhang
Fahad A Alharthi		Chemistry	2017	2021	John M. Gardiner (grad student)
M. Qadri E.		Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science	2017	2020	Sam P. de Visser (grad student)
Michael J Bennison		Materials	2018	2019	Samuel Jones (post-doc)
Soumitra Agasti			2018	2022	David J. Procter (post-doc)
Alex Fordham			2018		Kostas Kostarelos (grad student)
Yingxian Chen			2018		Kostas Kostarelos (grad student)
Andrew Hayward			2018		Kostas Kostarelos (post-doc)
Eszter Kormann			2018		Kostas Kostarelos (post-doc)
Jessica Warrington			2018		Kostas Kostarelos (post-doc)
Lois Gardner			2018		Kostas Kostarelos (post-doc)
Luis Visani			2018		Kostas Kostarelos (post-doc)
Michelle Ntola			2018		Kostas Kostarelos (post-doc)
Paul S. Sharp			2018		Kostas Kostarelos (post-doc)
Thomas Loret			2018		Kostas Kostarelos (post-doc)
Jennifer Dorney			2018	2018	Kostas Kostarelos (post-doc)
Atta Arshad			2019		Kostas Kostarelos (grad student)
Arnab Halder	Biomaterials, Bioelectrochemistry, Biosensors, Bioelectronics, Neuroengineering		2019	2020	Kostas Kostarelos (post-doc)
Alice M Bowen	Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, Pulsed Dipolar Spectroscopy
Áron Péter			2019	2022	David J. Procter (grad student)
Gemma K. Gransbury	inorganic chemistry	Chemistry Chemistry	2020		David P. Mills (post-doc), Nicholas F. Chilton (post-doc)
Yi Jin	phosphoryl transfer, transition state analogs, 19F NMR, 31P NMR, carbohydrate chemistry, glycosyl hydrolase