Year |
Citation |
Score |
2018 |
Ahmed A, Yang H, Rothenberg JM, Souhan B, Wang Z, Abrams NC, Meng X, Ingold KA, Evans CC, Hensley JM, Bergman K, Grote RR, Knights AP, Dadap JI, Osgood RM. Differential phase-shift-keying demodulation by coherent perfect absorption in silicon photonics. Optics Letters. 43: 4061-4064. PMID 30106952 DOI: 10.1364/Ol.43.004061 |
0.816 |
|
2017 |
Exarhos AL, Hopper DA, Grote RR, Alkauskas A, Bassett LC. Optical Signatures of Quantum Emitters in Suspended Hexagonal Boron Nitride. Acs Nano. PMID 28267917 DOI: 10.1021/Acsnano.7B00665 |
0.315 |
|
2017 |
Ahmed A, Yang H, Souhan B, Wang Z, Evans CC, Hensley JM, Dadap JI, Knights AP, Grote R, Osgood RM. Characterization of a Coherent-Perfect-Absorption-based DPSK Demodulator for Si Photonics Frontiers in Optics. DOI: 10.1364/Fio.2017.Fw5A.4 |
0.815 |
|
2016 |
Mann SA, Grote RR, Osgood RM, Alù A, Garnett EC. Correction to Opportunities and Limitations for Nanophotonic Structures To Exceed the Shockley-Queisser Limit. Acs Nano. PMID 27997106 DOI: 10.1021/Acsnano.6B06507 |
0.404 |
|
2016 |
Mann SA, Grote RR, Osgood RM, Alu A, Garnett EC. Opportunities and Limitations for Nanophotonic Structures to Exceed the Shockley-Queisser Limit. Acs Nano. PMID 27580421 DOI: 10.1021/Acsnano.6B03950 |
0.484 |
|
2016 |
Meng X, Grote RR, Jin W, Dadap JI, Panoiu NC, Osgood RM. Rigorous theoretical analysis of a surface-plasmon nanolaser with monolayer MoS2 gain medium. Optics Letters. 41: 2636-9. PMID 27244433 DOI: 10.1364/Ol.41.002636 |
0.486 |
|
2016 |
Rothenberg JM, Chen CP, Ackert JJ, Dadap JI, Knights AP, Bergman K, Osgood RM, Grote RR. Experimental demonstration of coherent perfect absorption in a silicon photonic racetrack resonator. Optics Letters. 41: 2537-2540. PMID 27244408 DOI: 10.1364/Ol.41.002537 |
0.626 |
|
2016 |
Souhan B, Chen C, Lu M, Stein A, Bakhru H, Grote R, Bergman K, Green W, Osgood R. Ar+-Implanted Si-Waveguide Photodiodes for Mid-Infrared Detection Photonics. 3: 46. DOI: 10.3390/Photonics3030046 |
0.816 |
|
2016 |
Meng X, Grote RR, Jin W, Dadap JI, Panoiu NC, Osgood RM. Rigorous theoretical analysis of a surface-plasmon nanolaser with monolayer MoS2 gain medium Optics Letters. 41: 2636-2639. DOI: 10.1364/OL.41.002636 |
0.484 |
|
2016 |
Grote RR, Bassett LC. Single-Mode Diamond Fin Waveguides on a Native Substrate Frontiers in Optics. DOI: 10.1364/Fio.2016.Jth2A.175 |
0.397 |
|
2016 |
Grote RR, Bassett LC. Single-mode optical waveguides on native high-refractive-index substrates Apl Photonics. 1: 071302. DOI: 10.1063/1.4955065 |
0.48 |
|
2015 |
Meng X, Grote RR, Dadap JI, Osgood RM. Threshold Analysis in Monolayer Semiconductor Nanolaser by Surface Plasmon Enhancement Frontiers in Optics. DOI: 10.1364/Ls.2015.Lth3I.3 |
0.481 |
|
2015 |
Rothenberg JM, Chen CP, Ackert JJ, Ahmed A, Knights AP, Grote RR, Bergman K, Osgood RM. Coherent perfect absorption in a silicon photonic ring resonator Proceedings of Frontiers in Optics 2015, Fio 2015. DOI: 10.1364/Fio.2015.Fw3E.3 |
0.61 |
|
2015 |
Grote RR, Rothenberg JM, Driscoll JB, Osgood RM. DPSK demodulation using coherent perfect absorption Cleo: Science and Innovations, Cleo-Si 2015. 2267. DOI: 10.1364/CLEO_SI.2015.STh4F.1 |
0.752 |
|
2015 |
Meng X, Yang H, Grote RR, Dadap JI, Panoiu NC, Osgood RM. Designer metal-nanoantennae/dye complexes for maximum fluorescence enhancement Proceedings of Spie - the International Society For Optical Engineering. 9547. DOI: 10.1117/12.2188382 |
0.441 |
|
2015 |
Meng X, Grote R, Dadap JI, Osgood RM, Panoiu N, Camillone N, Lu D. Emerging plasmonic applications explored with cluster parallel computing 2015 Photonics North. DOI: 10.1109/PN.2015.7292518 |
0.391 |
|
2015 |
Chen CP, Driscoll JB, Grote RR, Souhan B, Osgood RM, Bergman K. Mode and polarization multiplexing in a Si photonic chip at 40Gb/s aggregate data bandwidth Ieee Photonics Technology Letters. 27: 22-25. DOI: 10.1109/Lpt.2014.2360126 |
0.812 |
|
2015 |
Driscoll JB, Osgood RM, Grote RR, Dadap JI, Panoiu NC. Squeezing Light in Wires: Fundamental Optical Properties of Si Nanowire Waveguides Journal of Lightwave Technology. 33: 3116-3131. DOI: 10.1109/Jlt.2015.2431984 |
0.823 |
|
2014 |
Souhan B, Grote RR, Chen CP, Huang HC, Driscoll JB, Lu M, Stein A, Bakhru H, Bergman K, Green WM, Osgood RM. Si⁺-implanted Si-wire waveguide photodetectors for the mid-infrared. Optics Express. 22: 27415-24. PMID 25401890 DOI: 10.1364/Oe.22.027415 |
0.813 |
|
2014 |
Meng X, Grote RR, Dadap JI, Panoiu NC, Osgood RM. Engineering metal-nanoantennae/dye complexes for maximum fluorescence enhancement. Optics Express. 22: 22018-30. PMID 25321576 DOI: 10.1364/Oe.22.022018 |
0.448 |
|
2014 |
Driscoll JB, Chen CP, Grote RR, Souhan B, Dadap JI, Stein A, Lu M, Bergman K, Osgood RM. A 60 Gb/s MDM-WDM Si photonic link with < 0.7 dB power penalty per channel. Optics Express. 22: 18543-55. PMID 25089474 DOI: 10.1364/Oe.22.018543 |
0.817 |
|
2014 |
Lavdas S, Zhao S, Driscoll JB, Grote RR, Osgood RM, Panoiu NC. Wavelength conversion and parametric amplification of optical pulses via quasi-phase-matched four-wave mixing in long-period Bragg silicon waveguides. Optics Letters. 39: 4017-20. PMID 24978796 DOI: 10.1364/Ol.39.004017 |
0.817 |
|
2014 |
Souhan B, Grote RR, Driscoll JB, Lu M, Stein A, Bakhru H, Osgood RM. Metal-semiconductor-metal ion-implanted Si waveguide photodetectors for C-band operation. Optics Express. 22: 9150-8. PMID 24787805 DOI: 10.1364/Oe.22.009150 |
0.826 |
|
2014 |
Lavdas S, Driscoll JB, Grote RR, Osgood RM, Panoiu NC. Pulse compression in adiabatically tapered silicon photonic wires. Optics Express. 22: 6296-312. PMID 24663978 DOI: 10.1364/Oe.22.006296 |
0.815 |
|
2014 |
Grote RR, Souhan B, Ophir N, Driscoll JB, Bergman K, Bahkru H, Green WMJ, Osgood RM. Extrinsic photodiodes for integrated mid-infrared silicon photonics Optica. 1: 264-267. DOI: 10.1364/OPTICA.1.000264 |
0.805 |
|
2014 |
Souhan B, Grote RR, Chen CP, Huang HC, Driscoll JB, Lu M, Stein A, Bakhru H, Bergman K, Green WMJ, Osgood RM. Si+-implanted Si-wire waveguide photodetectors for the mid-infrared Optics Express. 22: 27415-27424. DOI: 10.1364/OE.22.027415 |
0.806 |
|
2014 |
Meng X, Grote RR, Dadap JI, Panoiu NC, Osgood RM. Engineering metal-nanoantennae/dye complexes for maximum fluorescence enhancement Optics Express. 22: 22018-22030. DOI: 10.1364/OE.22.022018 |
0.323 |
|
2014 |
Driscoll JB, Chen CP, Grote RR, Souhan B, Dadap JI, Stein A, Lu M, Bergman K, Osgood RM. A 60 Gb/s MDM-WDM Si photonic link with < 0.7 dB power penalty per channel Optics Express. 22: 18543-18555. DOI: 10.1364/OE.22.018543 |
0.793 |
|
2014 |
Lavdas S, Driscoll JB, Grote RR, Osgood RM, Panoiu NC. Quasi-phase-matched four-wave-mixing of optical pulses in periodically modulated silicon photonic wires Proceedings of Spie - the International Society For Optical Engineering. 9133. DOI: 10.1117/12.2052249 |
0.825 |
|
2014 |
Chen CP, Driscoll JB, Ophir N, Grote RR, Osgood RM, Bergman K. First demonstration of polarization-multiplexing combined with on-chip mode-division-multiplexing Optical Fiber Communication Conference, Ofc 2014. DOI: 10.1109/OFC.2014.6886819 |
0.772 |
|
2014 |
Beck JH, Ray B, Grote RR, Osgood RM, Black CT, Alam MA, Kymissis I. Nanostructured electrodes improve the fill factor of organic photovoltaics Ieee Journal of Photovoltaics. 4: 1100-1106. DOI: 10.1109/Jphotov.2014.2315436 |
0.476 |
|
2014 |
Tsai CC, Grote RR, Beck JH, Kymissis I, Osgood RM, Englund D. General method for simultaneous optimization of light trapping and carrier collection in an ultra-thin film organic photovoltaic cell Journal of Applied Physics. 116. DOI: 10.1063/1.4890275 |
0.478 |
|
2014 |
Chen CP, Driscoll JB, Souhan B, Grote RR, Zhu X, Osgood RM, Bergman K. Experimental demonstration of spatial scaling for high-throughput transmission through a Si mode-division-multiplexing waveguide Optics Infobase Conference Papers. |
0.799 |
|
2014 |
Grote RR, Souhan B, Ophir N, Driscoll JB, Bergman K, Bakhru H, Green WMJ, Osgood RM. Zn+ implanted silicon waveguide photodiodes for on-chip mid-infrared detection Conference On Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe - Technical Digest. 2014. |
0.798 |
|
2014 |
Grote RR, Souhan B, Ophir N, Driscoll JB, Bergman K, Bakhru H, Green WMJ, Osgood RM. Zn+ implanted silicon waveguide photodiodes for on-chip mid-infrared detection Conference On Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe - Technical Digest. 2014. |
0.367 |
|
2013 |
Grote RR, Driscoll JB, Osgood RM. Integrated optical modulators and switches using coherent perfect loss. Optics Letters. 38: 3001-4. PMID 24104632 DOI: 10.1364/Ol.38.003001 |
0.805 |
|
2013 |
Grote RR, Brown SJ, Driscoll JB, Osgood RM, Schuller JA. Morphology-dependent light trapping in thin-film organic solar cells. Optics Express. 21: A847-63. PMID 24104580 DOI: 10.1364/Oe.21.00A847 |
0.769 |
|
2013 |
Lavdas S, Driscoll JB, Jiang H, Grote RR, Osgood RM, Panoiu NC. Generation of parabolic similaritons in tapered silicon photonic wires: comparison of pulse dynamics at telecom and mid-infrared wavelengths. Optics Letters. 38: 3953-6. PMID 24081097 DOI: 10.1364/Ol.38.003953 |
0.811 |
|
2013 |
Driscoll JB, Grote RR, Souhan B, Dadap JI, Lu M, Osgood RM. Asymmetric Y junctions in silicon waveguides for on-chip mode-division multiplexing. Optics Letters. 38: 1854-6. PMID 23722767 DOI: 10.1364/Ol.38.001854 |
0.819 |
|
2013 |
Driscoll JB, Grote RR, Souhan B, Dadap JI, Lu M, Osgood RM. Asymmetric y junctions in silicon waveguides for on-chip mode-division multiplexing Optics Letters. 38: 1854-1856. DOI: 10.1364/OL.38.001854 |
0.82 |
|
2013 |
Meng X, Grote RR, Wolcott A, Owen JS, Osgood RM. Photoluminescence enhancement from a single nitrogen vacancy center in a nanodiamond crystal via a metal nanoantenna Optics Infobase Conference Papers. DOI: 10.1364/Ls.2013.Lth3H.1 |
0.456 |
|
2013 |
Driscoll JB, Grote RR, Souhan B, Liu Y, Dadap JI, Osgood RM. Silicon multiplexers/demultiplexers for on-chip mode division multiplexing based on asymmetric Y-junctions Optics Infobase Conference Papers. DOI: 10.1364/Fio.2013.Fm3E.4 |
0.808 |
|
2013 |
Souhan B, Grote RR, Driscoll JB, Meng X, Osgood RM. Metal-semiconductor-metal monolithic silicon-waveguide photodiode design and analysis Optics Infobase Conference Papers. DOI: 10.1364/Fio.2013.Fm3E.3 |
0.788 |
|
2013 |
Lavdas S, Driscoll JB, Grote RR, Osgoo RM, Panoiu NC. Generation and collision of optical similaritons in dispersion-engineered silicon photonic nanowires Proceedings of Spie - the International Society For Optical Engineering. 8816. DOI: 10.1117/12.2023728 |
0.79 |
|
2013 |
Souhan B, Chen CP, Grote RR, Driscoll JB, Ophir N, Bergman K, Osgood Richard M. JM. Error-free operation of an all-silicon waveguide photodiode at 1.9 μm Cleo: Science and Innovations, Cleo_si 2013. CTh3L.4. DOI: 10.1109/Lpt.2013.2279608 |
0.812 |
|
2013 |
Grote RR, Padmaraju K, Souhan B, Driscoll JB, Bergman K, Osgood RM. 10 Gb/s error-free operation of all-silicon ion-implanted-waveguide photodiodes at 1.55 μm Ieee Photonics Technology Letters. 25: 67-70. DOI: 10.1109/Lpt.2012.2223664 |
0.784 |
|
2013 |
Lavdas S, Driscoll JB, Grote RR, Osgood RM, Panoiu NC. Soliton pulse compression in adiabatically tapered silicon photonic wires 2013 Conference On Lasers and Electro-Optics Europe and International Quantum Electronics Conference, Cleo/Europe-Iqec 2013. DOI: 10.1109/CLEOE-IQEC.2013.6800834 |
0.788 |
|
2013 |
Chen CP, Driscoll JB, Grote RR, Liu Y, Osgood RM, Bergman K. 60-Gb/s mode division multiplexing and wavelength division multiplexing in Si multimode waveguides Iet Conference Publications. 2013: 891-893. DOI: 10.1049/cp.2013.1570 |
0.821 |
|
2013 |
Grote RR, Meng X, Driscoll JB, Panoiu NC, Osgood RM. Design method for critically coupling into a weakly absorbing 1D photonic crystal cavity Cleo: Qels_fundamental Science, Cleo:Qels Fs 2013. JTu4A.41. |
0.753 |
|
2013 |
Grote RR, Meng X, Driscoll JB, Panoiu NC, Osgood RM. Design method for critically coupling into a weakly absorbing 1D photonic crystal cavity Cleo: Qels_fundamental Science, Cleo:Qels Fs 2013. |
0.331 |
|
2013 |
Grote RR, Driscoll JB, Osgood RM. Amplitude modulation by coherent perfect loss Optics Infobase Conference Papers. |
0.756 |
|
2013 |
Driscoll JB, Grote RR, Souhan B, Dadap JI, Osgood RM. Demonstration of selective mode multiplexing/de-multiplexing in a multimode silicon waveguides via asymmetric Y-Junctions: Towards on-chip MDM Cleo: Qels_fundamental Science, Cleo:Qels Fs 2013. JTu4A.29. |
0.817 |
|
2013 |
Driscoll JB, Grote RR, Souhan B, Dadap JI, Osgood RM. Demonstration of selective mode multiplexing/de-multiplexing in a multimode silicon waveguides via asymmetric Y-Junctions: Towards on-chip MDM Cleo: Qels_fundamental Science, Cleo:Qels Fs 2013. JTu4A.29. |
0.798 |
|
2013 |
Souhan B, Grote RR, Driscoll JB, Bakhru H, Osgood RM. CMOS compatible argon-ion-implanted C-band silicon waveguide photodetector Cleo: Science and Innovations, Cleo_si 2013. CTh3L.3. |
0.788 |
|
2013 |
Souhan B, Chen CP, Grote RR, Driscoll JB, Ophir N, Bergman K, Osgood Richard M. JM. Error-free operation of an all-silicon waveguide photodiode at 1.9 μm Cleo: Science and Innovations, Cleo_si 2013. CTh3L.4. |
0.346 |
|
2012 |
Driscoll JB, Ophir N, Grote RR, Dadap JI, Panoiu NC, Bergman K, Osgood RM. Width-modulation of Si photonic wires for quasi-phase-matching of four-wave-mixing: experimental and theoretical demonstration. Optics Express. 20: 9227-42. PMID 22513635 DOI: 10.1364/Oe.20.009227 |
0.84 |
|
2012 |
Driscoll JB, Ophir N, Grote RR, Dadap JI, Panoiu NC, Bergman K, Osgood RM. Width-modulation of Si photonic wires for quasi-phase-matching of four-wave-mixing: Experimental and theoretical demonstration Optics Express. 20: 9227-9242. DOI: 10.1364/OE.20.009227 |
0.804 |
|
2012 |
Souhan B, Grote RR, Driscoll JB, Osgood RM. Ion-implanted silicon-waveguide avalanche photodiode with separate absorption-multiplication region for C-band operation Frontiers in Optics, Fio 2012. DOI: 10.1364/Fio.2012.Ftu2A.5 |
0.793 |
|
2012 |
Driscoll JB, Grote RR, Dadap JI, Panoiu NC, Osgood RM. Quasi-phase-matched four-wave-mixing seeded by modulation instability in slab-modulated silicon nanowires Frontiers in Optics, Fio 2012. DOI: 10.1364/Fio.2012.Fm4E.7 |
0.793 |
|
2012 |
Grote RR, Padmaraju K, Driscoll JB, Souhan B, Bergman K, Osgood RM. 10 Gb/s error-free operation of an all-silicon C-band waveguide photodiode Cleo: Science and Innovations, Cleo_si 2012. |
0.331 |
|
2012 |
Driscoll JB, Ophir N, Grote RR, Dadap JI, Panoiu NC, Bergman K, Osgood RM. First demonstration of quasi-phase-matched four-wave-mixing in silicon waveguides 2012 Conference On Lasers and Electro-Optics, Cleo 2012. |
0.775 |
|
2012 |
Grote RR, Driscoll JB, Panoiu NC, Osgood RM. Ultra-Compact silicon waveguide photodetectors utilizing critically-coupled photonic crystal cavities at 1.55 μm Integrated Photonics Research, Silicon and Nanophotonics, Iprsn 2012. |
0.806 |
|
2012 |
Driscoll JB, Ophir N, Grote RR, Dadap JI, Panoiu NC, Bergman K, Osgood RM. First demonstration of quasi-phase-matched four-wave-mixing in silicon waveguides 2012 Conference On Lasers and Electro-Optics, Cleo 2012. |
0.775 |
|
2012 |
Driscoll JB, Grote RR, Dadap JI, Panoiu NC, Osgood RM. Quasi-phase-matching for broadband discrete mid-IR FWM in width-modulated Si photonicwire waveguides Integrated Photonics Research, Silicon and Nanophotonics, Iprsn 2012. |
0.812 |
|
2012 |
Grote RR, Padmaraju K, Driscoll JB, Souhan B, Bergman K, Osgood RM. 10 Gb/s error-free operation of an all-silicon C-band waveguide photodiode 2012 Conference On Lasers and Electro-Optics, Cleo 2012. |
0.761 |
|
2011 |
Grote RR, Driscoll JB, Biris CG, Panoiu NC, Osgood RM. Weakly modulated silicon-dioxide-cladding gratings for silicon waveguide Fabry-Pérot cavities. Optics Express. 19: 26406-15. PMID 22274225 DOI: 10.1364/Oe.19.026406 |
0.832 |
|
2011 |
Mann SA, Grote RR, Osgood RM, Schuller JA. Dielectric particle and void resonators for thin film solar cell textures. Optics Express. 19: 25729-40. PMID 22273965 DOI: 10.1364/Oe.19.025729 |
0.501 |
|
2011 |
Driscoll JB, Grote RR, Liu X, Dadap JI, Panoiu NC, Osgood RM. Directionally anisotropic Si nanowires: on-chip nonlinear grating devices in uniform waveguides. Optics Letters. 36: 1416-8. PMID 21499375 DOI: 10.1364/Ol.36.001416 |
0.837 |
|
2011 |
Driscoll JB, Grote RR, Liu X, Dadap JI, Panoiu NC, Osgood RM. Directionally anisotropic Si nanowires: On-chip nonlinear grating devices in uniform waveguides Optics Letters. 36: 1416-1418. DOI: 10.1364/OL.36.001416 |
0.82 |
|
2011 |
Driscoll JB, Grote RR, Dadap JI, Panoiu NC, Osgood RM. Quasi-phase-matching four-wave-mixing via width- modulated silicon nanowire waveguides Optics Infobase Conference Papers. DOI: 10.1364/Fio.2011.Fthn4 |
0.828 |
|
2011 |
Grote RR, Driscoll JB, Biris CG, Panoiu NC, Osgood RM. Silicon waveguide fabry-perot cavity formed by a silicon dioxide cladding grating Optics Infobase Conference Papers. DOI: 10.1364/Fio.2011.Fmb2 |
0.836 |
|
2011 |
Driscoll JB, Grote RR, Liu X, Dadap JI, Panoiu NC, Osgood RM. Forming a nonlinear grating in Silicon nanowire waveguides using the intrinsic anisotropic Kerr nonlinearity of silicon Optics Infobase Conference Papers. |
0.788 |
|
2011 |
Driscoll JB, Liu X, Grote RR, Dadap JI, Panoiu NC, Osgood RM. Enhancing FWM conversion efficiency in a silicon waveguide by exploiting phase-matching via a pump-induced nonlinear grating Optics Infobase Conference Papers. |
0.813 |
|
2011 |
Driscoll JB, Grote RR, Liu X, Dadap JI, Panoiu NC, Osgood RM. Forming a nonlinear grating in Silicon nanowire waveguides using the intrinsic anisotropic Kerr nonlinearity of silicon Optics Infobase Conference Papers. |
0.809 |
|
2010 |
Grote R, Osgood RM, Spanier JE, Nabet B. Optimization of a surface plasmon enhanced metal-semiconductor-metal photodetector on gallium arsenide Optics Infobase Conference Papers. DOI: 10.1364/Fio.2010.Fthy3 |
0.46 |
|
2010 |
Driscoll JB, Astar W, Liu X, Grote RR, Dadap JI, Green WMJ, Vlasov YA, Carter GM, Osgood RM. Experimental and theoretical demonstration of wavelength conversion of 10 Gb/s RZ-OOK in a Si nanowire via XPM Optics Infobase Conference Papers. |
0.788 |
|
2010 |
Driscoll JB, Astar W, Liu X, Grote RR, Dadap JI, Green WMJ, Vlasov YA, Carter GM, Osgood RM. Experimental and theoretical demonstration of wavelength conversion of 10 Gb/s RZ-OOK in a Si nanowire via XPM Optics Infobase Conference Papers. |
0.808 |
|
2010 |
Driscoll JB, Lidor R, Liu X, Grote RR, Dadap JI, Panoiu NC, Osgood RM. The effect of the longitudinal electric field and tensor susceptibility on the effective nonlinear parameter for silicon nanowire waveguides Optics Infobase Conference Papers. |
0.763 |
|
2010 |
Driscoll JB, Lidor R, Liu X, Grote RR, Dadap JI, Panoiu NC, Osgood RM. The effect of the longitudinal electric field and tensor susceptibility on the effective nonlinear parameter for silicon nanowire waveguides Optics Infobase Conference Papers. |
0.786 |
|
2009 |
Shackleford JA, Grote R, Currie M, Spanier JE, Nabet B. Integrated plasmonic lens photodetector Applied Physics Letters. 94. DOI: 10.1063/1.3086898 |
0.354 |
|
Show low-probability matches. |