| Kenneth Myron Case | Theoretical and mathematical physics | | 1948 | 1950 | J. Robert Oppenheimer (post-doc) |
| Neal Dalal | dark matter, gravitational lensing | | | | |
| Sidney M. Dancoff | Theoretical physics | | | 1941 | Wolfgang Ernst Pauli (research scientist) |
| Claude-andré Faucher-giguère | Galaxy formation and evolution, including star formation, galaxy-black hole co-evolution, galactic dynamics, and connections with the intergalactic medium and cosmology. Pulsars. | Astrophysics | | | Matias Zaldarriaga (grad student) |
| Thomas Fulton | high-energy physics | | 1954 | 1956 | J. Robert Oppenheimer (post-doc) |
| Piet Hut | natural philosophy | | | | |
| Nafiz Ishtiaque | Quantum Field Theory, Integrability | | 2019 | 2022 | Edward Witten (post-doc) |
| Robert Karplus | theoretical physics, science education | | 1948 | 1950 | J. Robert Oppenheimer (post-doc) |
| Bruria Kaufman | Theoretical Physics: Spinors and the Ising Model, General Relativity, Asymmetric field theory, Mossbauer effect, Mathematical Linguistics | | 1950 | 1955 | Albert Einstein (research assistant), John L. von Neumann (research assistant) |
| Robert Harry Kraichnan | Theoretical Physics, Theory of Fluid Turbulence, Field Theory and General Relativity | | 1949 | 1950 | Albert Einstein (post-doc) |
| John A. Krommes | Fluid and Plasma Physics, Atmospheric Sciences | | 1975 | 1977 | Marshall Nicholas Rosenbluth (post-doc) |
| Shuichi Kusaka | Theoretical physics | | 1942 | 1943 | Albert Einstein (post-doc) |
| Leona Marshall Libby | | | | | |
| Juan Maldacena | Theoretical physics | | | | |
| George Placzek | | | | | |
| Dimitrios Psaltis | Astronomy and Astrophysics | | 2001 | 2002 | John Norris Bahcall (post-doc) |
| Tullio Regge | Theoretical physics | | | | |
| Fritz Rohrlich | Classical electrodynamics, Quantum electrodynamics | | | 1949 | J. Robert Oppenheimer (post-doc) |
| Nathan Rosen | Theoretical physics | | 1934 | 1936 | Albert Einstein (research scientist) |
| Marshall Nicholas Rosenbluth | nuclear physics, plasma physics | | | | |
| David S Spiegel | astrophysics | | | | |
| John L. von Neumann | Mathematics | | | | |
| Matias Zaldarriaga | Astronomy and Astrophysics | | | | |