| Leopold Friedrich Anton Ambronn | Astronomy | | | 1880 | Edmund Weiss (research assistant) |
| Robert Beig | | | | | |
| Erwin R. Biel | | Meteorology | | 1928 | Eduard Brückner (grad student) |
| Pietro Blaserna | | Physics | | 1856 | Andreas von Ettingshausen (grad student) |
| Hans Boersch | | | | 1935 | Herman F. Mark (grad student) |
| Eduard Brückner | climatology | | | | |
| Eberhard Clar | | | | | |
| Philippe A. Collon | Experimental Nuclear Physics | | | 1999 | Walter Kutschera (grad student) |
| Christian Andreas Doppler | Experimental Physics | | | | |
| Ludwig Flamm | Theoretical physics | | | 1909 | Friedrich (Fritz) Hasenöhrl (grad student) |
| Peter George Oliver Freund | theoretical physics | | | 1960 | Walter Thirring (grad student) |
| Eugene Guth | Polymers, Theoretical Physics | | | 1928 | Hans Thirring (grad student) |
| Otto Halpern | Theoretical physics | | | 1922 | Hans Thirring (grad student) |
| Victor Franz Hess | | | 1910 | 1920 | Franz Serafin Exner (post-doc), Stefan Meyer (research scientist) |
| Sascha Husa | | | | 1998 | Robert Beig (grad student) |
| Willibald (Willi) Karl Jentschke | nuclear physics | | | 1935 | Georg Stetter (grad student) |
| Othmar Kühn | Paleontology | | | | |
| Walter Kutschera | nuclear physics | | | | |
| Ignaz Lindner | | | | | Georg von Vega (grad student) |
| Lise Meitner | nuclear fission | | 1902 | 1906 | Franz Serafin Exner (grad student), Ludwig Boltzmann (research assistant) |
| Stefan Meyer | nuclear physics | | | 1897 | Franz Serafin Exner (grad student), Ludwig Boltzmann (post-doc) |
| George Placzek | | | | 1928 | Felix Ehrenhaft (grad student) |
| Fritz Sauter | | | | 1957 | Otto Hromatka (grad student) |
| Wolfgang Schlager | Marine Geology/Sedimentology | | | 1963 | Eberhard Clar (grad student), Othmar Kühn (grad student) |
| Erich Schmid | | | | 1920 | Felix Ehrenhaft (grad student) |
| Erwin Schrödinger | physics | | 1911 | 1914 | Franz Serafin Exner (post-doc), Friedrich (Fritz) Hasenöhrl (research assistant), Franz Serafin Exner (grad student) |
| Robert Simha | polymer physics | | 1935 | 1938 | Hans Thirring (grad student), Felix Ehrenhaft (grad student), Herman F. Mark (post-doc) |
| Georg Stetter | Nuclear physics | | | | |
| Hans Thirring | Theoretical physics | | | | |
| Gero Vogl | | | | 1965 | Erich Schmid (grad student) |
| Andreas von Baumgartner | Mechanics | | | | Ignaz Lindner (grad student) |
| Nikolaus Poda von Neuhaus | Theology, Physics, Mathematics, Philosophy, Taxonomy, Entomology, Geology | | | | |
| Ernst Weber | microwave research | | | 1926 | Felix Ehrenhaft (grad student) |
| Gregor Weihs | quantum optics, quantum information, quantum entanglement, photonics, nonlinear optics | | 1999 | 2005 | Anton Zeilinger (post-doc) |