Brian K. Kaspar - Publications

Affiliations: 
Ohio State University Ohio State University, Columbus, Columbus, OH 
Area:
Spinal Muscular Atrophy, ALS, CNS Gene Delivery, Gene Therapy

122 high-probability publications. We are testing a new system for linking publications to authors. You can help! If you notice any inaccuracies, please sign in and mark papers as correct or incorrect matches. If you identify any major omissions or other inaccuracies in the publication list, please let us know.

Year Citation  Score
2023 Powers S, Likhite S, Gadalla KK, Miranda CJ, Huffenberger AJ, Dennys C, Foust KD, Morales P, Pierson CR, Rinaldi F, Perry S, Bolon B, Wein N, Cobb S, Kaspar BK, et al. Novel MeCP2 Gene Therapy is Effective in a Multicenter Study using Two Mouse Models of Rett Syndrome and is Safe in Non-human Primates. Molecular Therapy : the Journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy. PMID 37481701 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.07.013  0.673
2022 Foust KD, Wang X, McGovern VL, Braun L, Bevan AK, Haidet AM, Le TT, Morales PR, Rich MM, Burghes AHM, Kaspar BK. Retraction Note: Rescue of the spinal muscular atrophy phenotype in a mouse model by early postnatal delivery of SMN. Nature Biotechnology. PMID 36203015 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-022-01497-7  0.67
2021 White KA, Nelvagal HR, Poole TA, Lu B, Johnson TB, Davis S, Pratt MA, Brudvig J, Assis AB, Likhite S, Meyer K, Kaspar BK, Cooper JD, Wang S, Weimer JM. Intracranial delivery of AAV9 gene therapy partially prevents retinal degeneration and visual deficits in CLN6-Batten disease mice. Molecular Therapy. Methods & Clinical Development. 20: 497-507. PMID 33665223 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.12.014  0.318
2020 von Wittgenstein J, Zheng F, Wittmann MT, Balta EA, Ferrazzi F, Schäffner I, Häberle BM, Valero-Aracama MJ, Koehl M, Miranda CJ, Kaspar BK, Ekici AB, Reis A, Abrous DN, Alzheimer C, et al. Sox11 is an Activity-Regulated Gene with Dentate-Gyrus-Specific Expression Upon General Neural Activation. Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991). PMID 32080705 DOI: 10.1093/Cercor/Bhz338  0.377
2019 Bravo-Hernandez M, Tadokoro T, Navarro MR, Platoshyn O, Kobayashi Y, Marsala S, Miyanohara A, Juhas S, Juhasova J, Skalnikova H, Tomori Z, Vanicky I, Studenovska H, Proks V, Chen P, ... ... Kaspar BK, et al. Spinal subpial delivery of AAV9 enables widespread gene silencing and blocks motoneuron degeneration in ALS. Nature Medicine. PMID 31873312 DOI: 10.1038/S41591-019-0674-1  0.47
2019 Al-Zaidy SA, Kolb SJ, Lowes L, Alfano LN, Shell R, Church KR, Nagendran S, Sproule DM, Feltner DE, Wells C, Ogrinc F, Menier M, L'Italien J, Arnold WD, Kissel JT, ... Kaspar BK, et al. AVXS-101 (Onasemnogene Abeparvovec) for SMA1: Comparative Study with a Prospective Natural History Cohort. Journal of Neuromuscular Diseases. PMID 31381526 DOI: 10.3233/Jnd-190403  0.353
2019 Cain JT, Likhite S, White KA, Timm DJ, Davis SS, Johnson TB, Dennys-Rivers CN, Rinaldi F, Motti D, Corcoran S, Morales P, Pierson C, Hughes SM, Lee SY, Kaspar BK, et al. Gene Therapy Corrects Brain and Behavioral Pathologies in CLN6-Batten Disease. Molecular Therapy : the Journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy. PMID 31331814 DOI: 10.1016/J.Ymthe.2019.06.015  0.478
2019 Mendonça LS, Nóbrega C, Tavino S, Brinkhaus M, Matos C, Tomé S, Moreira R, Henriques D, Kaspar BK, de Almeida LP. Ibuprofen enhances synaptic function and neural progenitors proliferation markers and improves neuropathology and motor coordination in Machado-Joseph disease models. Human Molecular Genetics. PMID 31127937 DOI: 10.1093/Hmg/Ddz097  0.426
2019 Noroozian Z, Xhima K, Huang Y, Kaspar BK, Kügler S, Hynynen K, Aubert I. MRI-Guided Focused Ultrasound for Targeted Delivery of rAAV to the Brain. Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.). 1950: 177-197. PMID 30783974 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9139-6_10  0.599
2019 Day JW, Chiriboga CA, Crawford TO, Darras BT, Finkel RS, Connolly AM, Iannaccone ST, Kuntz NL, Pena LD, Schultz M, Shieh PB, Smith EC, Farrar M, Feltner DE, Ogrinc FG, ... ... Kaspar BK, et al. 066 Avxs-101 gene-replacement therapy (GRT) for spinal muscular atrophy type 1 (SMA1): pivotal phase 3 study (STR1VE) update Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 90: A22.1-A22. DOI: 10.1136/Jnnp-2019-Anzan.58  0.362
2019 Day JW, Chiriboga CA, Crawford TO, Darras BT, Finkel RS, Connolly AM, Iannaccone ST, Kuntz NL, Peña LD, Schultz M, Shieh PB, Smith EC, Kausar I, Feltner DE, Ogrinc FG, ... ... Kaspar BK, et al. 250 AVXS-101 phase 3 study in spinal muscular atrophy type 1 Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 90. DOI: 10.1136/Jnnp-2019-Abn-2.202  0.354
2019 Finkel R, Day J, Darras B, Kuntz N, Connolly A, Crawford T, Butterfield R, Shieh P, Tennekoon G, Iannaccone S, Ogrinc F, Kavanagh S, Kernbauer E, Whittle J, L'Italien J, ... Kaspar B, et al. O.40Intrathecal administration of onasemnogene abeparvovec gene-replacement therapy (GRT) for spinal muscular atrophy type 2 (SMA2): phase 1/2a study (STRONG) Neuromuscular Disorders. 29. DOI: 10.1016/J.Nmd.2019.06.594  0.335
2019 Finkel R, Day J, Darras B, Kuntz N, Connolly A, Crawford T, Butterfield R, Shieh P, Tennekoon G, Iannaccone S, Meriggioli M, Ogrinc F, Kavanagh S, Kernbauer E, Whittle J, ... ... Kaspar B, et al. Intrathecal administration of AVXS-101 gene-replacement therapy (GRT) for spinal muscular atrophy type 2 (SMA2): Phase 1/2A study (strong) Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 405: 57. DOI: 10.1016/J.Jns.2019.10.322  0.349
2018 Iannitti T, Scarrott JM, Likhite S, Coldicott IRP, Lewis KE, Heath PR, Higginbottom A, Myszczynska MA, Milo M, Hautbergue GM, Meyer K, Kaspar BK, Ferraiuolo L, Shaw PJ, Azzouz M. Translating SOD1 Gene Silencing toward the Clinic: A Highly Efficacious, Off-Target-free, and Biomarker-Supported Strategy for fALS. Molecular Therapy. Nucleic Acids. 12: 75-88. PMID 30195799 DOI: 10.1016/J.Omtn.2018.04.015  0.455
2018 Awad H, Bratasz A, Nuovo G, Burry R, Meng X, Kelani H, Brown M, Ramadan ME, Williams J, Bouhliqah L, Popovich PG, Guan Z, Mcallister C, Corcoran SE, Kaspar B, et al. MiR-155 deletion reduces ischemia-induced paralysis in an aortic aneurysm repair mouse model: Utility of immunohistochemistry and histopathology in understanding etiology of spinal cord paralysis. Annals of Diagnostic Pathology. 36: 12-20. PMID 29966831 DOI: 10.1016/J.Anndiagpath.2018.06.002  0.341
2018 Boczonadi V, Meyer K, Gonczarowska-Jorge H, Griffin H, Roos A, Bartsakoulia M, Bansagi B, Ricci G, Palinkas F, Zahedi RP, Bruni F, Kaspar B, Lochmüller H, Boycott KM, Müller JS, et al. Mutations in glycyl-tRNA-synthetase impair mitochondrial metabolism in neurons. Human Molecular Genetics. PMID 29648643 DOI: 10.1093/Hmg/Ddy127  0.305
2017 Mendell JR, Al-Zaidy S, Shell R, Arnold WD, Rodino-Klapac LR, Prior TW, Lowes L, Alfano L, Berry K, Church K, Kissel JT, Nagendran S, L'Italien J, Sproule DM, Wells C, ... ... Kaspar BK, et al. Single-Dose Gene-Replacement Therapy for Spinal Muscular Atrophy. The New England Journal of Medicine. 377: 1713-1722. PMID 29091557 DOI: 10.1056/Nejmoa1706198  0.712
2017 Heilman PL, Song S, Miranda CJ, Meyer K, Srivastava AK, Knapp A, Wier CG, Kaspar BK, Kolb SJ. HSPB1 mutations causing hereditary neuropathy in humans disrupt non-cell autonomous protection of motor neurons. Experimental Neurology. PMID 28797631 DOI: 10.1016/J.Expneurol.2017.08.002  0.467
2017 Gombash SE, Cowley CJ, Fitzgerald JA, Lepak CA, Neides MG, Hook K, Todd LJ, Wang GD, Mueller C, Kaspar BK, Bielefeld EC, Fischer AJ, Wood JD, Foust KD. Systemic gene delivery transduces the enteric nervous system of guinea pigs and cynomolgus macaques. Gene Therapy. PMID 28771235 DOI: 10.1038/Gt.2017.72  0.803
2017 Hautbergue GM, Castelli LM, Ferraiuolo L, Sanchez-Martinez A, Cooper-Knock J, Higginbottom A, Lin YH, Bauer CS, Dodd JE, Myszczynska MA, Alam SM, Garneret P, Chandran JS, Karyka E, Stopford MJ, ... ... Kaspar BK, et al. SRSF1-dependent nuclear export inhibition of C9ORF72 repeat transcripts prevents neurodegeneration and associated motor deficits. Nature Communications. 8: 16063. PMID 28677678 DOI: 10.1038/Ncomms16063  0.411
2017 Brulet R, Matsuda T, Zhang L, Miranda C, Giacca M, Kaspar BK, Nakashima K, Hsieh J. NEUROD1 Instructs Neuronal Conversion in Non-Reactive Astrocytes. Stem Cell Reports. PMID 28506534 DOI: 10.1016/J.Stemcr.2017.04.013  0.379
2017 Mendell JR, Sahenk Z, Al-Zaidy S, Rodino-Klapac LR, Lowes LP, Alfano LN, Berry K, Miller N, Yalvac M, Dvorchik I, Moore-Clingenpeel M, Flanigan KM, Church K, Shontz K, Curry C, ... ... Kaspar BK, et al. Follistatin Gene Therapy for Sporadic Inclusion Body Myositis Improves Functional Outcomes. Molecular Therapy : the Journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy. PMID 28279643 DOI: 10.1016/J.Ymthe.2017.02.015  0.318
2017 Frakes AE, Braun L, Ferraiuolo L, Guttridge DC, Kaspar BK. Additive amelioration of ALS by co-targeting independent pathogenic mechanisms. Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology. 4: 76-86. PMID 28168207 DOI: 10.1002/Acn3.375  0.795
2017 Lowes L, Al-Zaidy S, Shell R, Arnold W, Rodino-Klapac L, Prior T, Alfano L, Berry K, Church K, Kissel J, Nagendran S, L'Italien J, Sproule D, Wells C, Burghes A, ... ... Kaspar B, et al. P.374 - AVXS-101 phase 1 gene therapy clinical trial in SMA Type 1: patients treated early with the proposed therapeutic dose were able to sit unassisted at a younger age Neuromuscular Disorders. 27. DOI: 10.1016/J.Nmd.2017.06.414  0.314
2017 Mendell J, Al-Zaidy S, Shell R, Arnold W, Rodino-Klapac L, Prior T, Lowes L, Alfano L, Berry K, Church K, Kissel J, Nagendran S, L'Italien J, Sproule D, Wells C, ... ... Kaspar B, et al. P.372 - AVXS-101 phase 1 gene therapy clinical trial in SMA Type 1: end-of-Study event free survival and achievement of developmental milestones Neuromuscular Disorders. 27. DOI: 10.1016/J.Nmd.2017.06.412  0.313
2017 Shell R, Al-Zaidy S, Arnold WD, Rodino-Klapac L, Prior TW, Lowes L, Alfano L, Berry K, Church K, Kissel JT, Nagendran S, L'Italien J, Sproule DM, Burghes AH, Foust K, ... ... Kaspar BK, et al. AVXS-101 Phase 1 gene therapy clinical trial in SMA Type 1: Interim data demonstrates improvements in supportive care use European Journal of Paediatric Neurology. 21: e14. DOI: 10.1016/J.Ejpn.2017.04.1217  0.648
2017 Mendell JR, Al-Zaidy S, Shell R, Arnold WD, Rodino-Klapac L, Prior TW, Lowes L, Alfano L, Berry K, Church K, Kissel JT, Nagendran S, L'Italien J, Sproule DM, Cardenas J, ... ... Kaspar BK, et al. AVXS-101 Phase 1 gene therapy clinical trial in SMA Type 1: Event free survival and achievement of developmental milestones European Journal of Paediatric Neurology. 21: e13-e14. DOI: 10.1016/J.Ejpn.2017.04.1216  0.657
2016 Rinaldi F, Motti D, Ferraiuolo L, Kaspar BK. High Content Analysis in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Molecular and Cellular Neurosciences. PMID 27965018 DOI: 10.1016/J.Mcn.2016.12.001  0.418
2016 Ferraiuolo L, Meyer K, Sherwood TW, Vick J, Likhite S, Frakes A, Miranda CJ, Braun L, Heath PR, Pineda R, Beattie CE, Shaw PJ, Askwith CC, McTigue D, Kaspar BK. Oligodendrocytes contribute to motor neuron death in ALS via SOD1-dependent mechanism. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. PMID 27688759 DOI: 10.1073/Pnas.1607496113  0.793
2016 Miyanohara A, Kamizato K, Juhas S, Juhasova J, Navarro M, Marsala S, Lukacova N, Hruska-Plochan M, Curtis E, Gabel B, Ciacci J, Ahrens ET, Kaspar BK, Cleveland D, Marsala M. Potent spinal parenchymal AAV9-mediated gene delivery by subpial injection in adult rats and pigs. Molecular Therapy. Methods & Clinical Development. 3: 16046. PMID 27462649 DOI: 10.1038/Mtm.2016.46  0.491
2016 Iwayama H, Liao XH, Braun L, Bárez-López S, Kaspar B, Weiss R, Dumitrescu AM, Guadaño-Ferraz A, Refetoff S. Adeno associated virus 9-based gene therapy delivers a functional monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8) which improves thyroid hormone availability to brain of Mct8 deficient mice. Thyroid : Official Journal of the American Thyroid Association. PMID 27432638 DOI: 10.1089/Thy.2016.0060  0.35
2016 Webster CP, Smith EF, Bauer CS, Moller A, Hautbergue GM, Ferraiuolo L, Myszczynska MA, Higginbottom A, Walsh MJ, Whitworth AJ, Kaspar BK, Meyer K, Shaw PJ, Grierson AJ, De Vos KJ. The C9orf72 protein interacts with Rab1a and the ULK1 complex to regulate initiation of autophagy. The Embo Journal. PMID 27334615 DOI: 10.15252/Embj.201694401  0.332
2016 Ahmed SS, Schattgen SA, Frakes AE, Sikoglu EM, Su Q, Li J, Hampton TG, Denninger AR, Kirschner DA, Kaspar B, Matalon R, Gao G. rAAV gene therapy in a Canavan's disease mouse model reveals immune impairments and an extended pathology beyond the central nervous system. Molecular Therapy : the Journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy. PMID 27039844 DOI: 10.1038/Mt.2016.68  0.776
2016 Song S, Miranda CJ, Braun L, Meyer K, Frakes AE, Ferraiuolo L, Likhite S, Bevan AK, Foust KD, McConnell MJ, Walker CM, Kaspar BK. Major histocompatibility complex class I molecules protect motor neurons from astrocyte-induced toxicity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nature Medicine. PMID 26928464 DOI: 10.1038/Nm.4052  0.796
2016 Meyer K, Kaspar BK. Glia - Neuron Interactions in Neurological Diseases: Testing Non-cell Autonomy in a Dish. Brain Research. PMID 26778174 DOI: 10.1016/J.Brainres.2015.12.051  0.41
2016 Gu JM, Wang DJ, Peterson JM, Shintaku J, Liyanarachchi S, Coppola V, Frakes AE, Kaspar BK, Cornelison DD, Guttridge DC. An NF-κB - EphrinA5-Dependent Communication between NG2(+) Interstitial Cells and Myoblasts Promotes Muscle Growth in Neonates. Developmental Cell. PMID 26777211 DOI: 10.1016/J.Devcel.2015.12.018  0.742
2016 Gombash SE, Cowley CJ, Fitzgerald JA, Hook K, Armstrong E, Kaspar BK, Fischer AJ, Todd L, Bielefeld EC, Foust KD. 612. Systemic AAV Injection in Guinea Pigs and Non-Human Primates Targets the Enteric Nervous System Molecular Therapy. 24: S242-S243. DOI: 10.1016/S1525-0016(16)33420-7  0.773
2016 Mendell JR, Sahenk Z, Hogan M, Al-Zaidy S, Flanigan K, Rodino-Klapac LR, McColly M, Church K, Lewis S, Lowes L, Alfano L, Berry K, Miller N, Dvorchik I, Moore-Clingenpeel M, ... Kaspar BK, et al. 497. Follistatin Gene Therapy Improves Six Minute Walk Distance in Sporadic Inclusion Body Myositis (sIBM) Molecular Therapy. 24: S197-S198. DOI: 10.1016/S1525-0016(16)33306-8  0.361
2016 Mendell JR, Al-Zaidy S, Shell R, Arnold WD, Rodino-Klapac L, Kissel JT, Prior TW, Miranda C, Lowes L, Alfano L, Berry K, Petek C, Church K, Braun L, Corcoran S, ... ... Kaspar BK, et al. 480. Gene Therapy for Spinal Muscular Atrophy Type 1 Shows Potential to Improve Survival and Motor Functional Outcomes Molecular Therapy. 24: S190. DOI: 10.1016/S1525-0016(16)33289-0  0.703
2015 Al-Zaidy SA, Sahenk Z, Rodino-Klapac LR, Kaspar B, Mendell JR. Follistatin Gene Therapy Improves Ambulation in Becker Muscular Dystrophy. Journal of Neuromuscular Diseases. 2: 185-192. PMID 27858738 DOI: 10.3233/Jnd-150083  0.342
2015 Sun S, Sun Y, Ling SC, Ferraiuolo L, McAlonis-Downes M, Zou Y, Drenner K, Wang Y, Ditsworth D, Tokunaga S, Kopelevich A, Kaspar BK, Lagier-Tourenne C, Cleveland DW. Translational profiling identifies a cascade of damage initiated in motor neurons and spreading to glia in mutant SOD1-mediated ALS. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. PMID 26621731 DOI: 10.1073/Pnas.1520639112  0.438
2015 Nizzardo M, Simone C, Rizzo F, Salani S, Dametti S, Rinchetti P, Del Bo R, Foust K, Kaspar BK, Bresolin N, Comi GP, Corti S. Gene therapy rescues disease phenotype in a spinal muscular atrophy with respiratory distress type 1 (SMARD1) mouse model. Science Advances. 1: e1500078. PMID 26601156 DOI: 10.1126/Sciadv.1500078  0.755
2015 Israelson A, Ditsworth D, Sun S, Song S, Liang J, Hruska-Plochan M, McAlonis-Downes M, Abu-Hamad S, Zoltsman G, Shani T, Maldonado M, Bui A, Navarro M, Zhou H, Marsala M, ... Kaspar BK, et al. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor as a chaperone inhibiting accumulation of misfolded SOD1. Neuron. 86: 218-32. PMID 25801706 DOI: 10.1016/J.Neuron.2015.02.034  0.421
2015 Weber-Adrian D, Thévenot E, O'Reilly MA, Oakden W, Akens MK, Ellens N, Markham-Coultes K, Burgess A, Finkelstein J, Yee AJ, Whyne CM, Foust KD, Kaspar BK, Stanisz GJ, Chopra R, et al. Gene delivery to the spinal cord using MRI-guided focused ultrasound. Gene Therapy. 22: 568-77. PMID 25781651 DOI: 10.1038/Gt.2015.25  0.763
2015 Cheever TR, Berkley D, Braun S, Brown RH, Byrne BJ, Chamberlain JS, Cwik V, Duan D, Federoff HJ, High KA, Kaspar BK, Klinger KW, Larkindale J, Lincecum J, Mavilio F, et al. Perspectives on best practices for gene therapy programs. Human Gene Therapy. 26: 127-33. PMID 25654329 DOI: 10.1089/Hum.2014.147  0.336
2015 Mendonça LS, Nóbrega C, Hirai H, Kaspar BK, Pereira de Almeida L. Transplantation of cerebellar neural stem cells improves motor coordination and neuropathology in Machado-Joseph disease mice. Brain : a Journal of Neurology. 138: 320-35. PMID 25527827 DOI: 10.1093/Brain/Awu352  0.395
2015 Duque SI, Arnold WD, Odermatt P, Li X, Porensky PN, Schmelzer L, Meyer K, Kolb SJ, Schümperli D, Kaspar BK, Burghes AH. A large animal model of spinal muscular atrophy and correction of phenotype. Annals of Neurology. 77: 399-414. PMID 25516063 DOI: 10.1002/Ana.24332  0.47
2015 Meyer K, Ferraiuolo L, Schmelzer L, Braun L, McGovern V, Likhite S, Michels O, Govoni A, Fitzgerald J, Morales P, Foust KD, Mendell JR, Burghes AH, Kaspar BK. Improving single injection CSF delivery of AAV9-mediated gene therapy for SMA: a dose-response study in mice and nonhuman primates. Molecular Therapy : the Journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy. 23: 477-87. PMID 25358252 DOI: 10.1038/Mt.2014.210  0.751
2015 Mendell JR, Sahenk Z, Malik V, Gomez AM, Flanigan KM, Lowes LP, Alfano LN, Berry K, Meadows E, Lewis S, Braun L, Shontz K, Rouhana M, Clark KR, Rosales XQ, ... ... Kaspar BK, et al. A phase 1/2a follistatin gene therapy trial for becker muscular dystrophy. Molecular Therapy : the Journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy. 23: 192-201. PMID 25322757 DOI: 10.1038/Mt.2014.200  0.339
2015 Kaspar B. Gene delivery for treating neurological disorders Neuromuscular Disorders. 25. DOI: 10.1016/J.Nmd.2015.06.445  0.326
2014 Thomsen GM, Gowing G, Latter J, Chen M, Vit JP, Staggenborg K, Avalos P, Alkaslasi M, Ferraiuolo L, Likhite S, Kaspar BK, Svendsen CN. Delayed disease onset and extended survival in the SOD1G93A rat model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis after suppression of mutant SOD1 in the motor cortex. The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society For Neuroscience. 34: 15587-600. PMID 25411487 DOI: 10.1523/Jneurosci.2037-14.2014  0.489
2014 Gombash Lampe SE, Kaspar BK, Foust KD. Intravenous injections in neonatal mice. Journal of Visualized Experiments : Jove. e52037. PMID 25407048 DOI: 10.3791/52037  0.679
2014 Meyer K, Kaspar BK. Making sense of pain: are pluripotent stem cell-derived sensory neurons a new tool for studying pain mechanisms? Molecular Therapy : the Journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy. 22: 1403-5. PMID 25082088 DOI: 10.1038/Mt.2014.123  0.373
2014 Frakes AE, Ferraiuolo L, Haidet-Phillips AM, Schmelzer L, Braun L, Miranda CJ, Ladner KJ, Bevan AK, Foust KD, Godbout JP, Popovich PG, Guttridge DC, Kaspar BK. Microglia induce motor neuron death via the classical NF-κB pathway in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuron. 81: 1009-23. PMID 24607225 DOI: 10.1016/J.Neuron.2014.01.013  0.787
2014 Arnold WD, Porensky PN, McGovern VL, Iyer CC, Duque S, Li X, Meyer K, Schmelzer L, Kaspar BK, Kolb SJ, Kissel JT, Burghes AH. Electrophysiological Biomarkers in Spinal Muscular Atrophy: Preclinical Proof of Concept. Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology. 1: 34-44. PMID 24511555 DOI: 10.1002/Acn3.23  0.436
2014 Meyer K, Ferraiuolo L, Miranda CJ, Likhite S, McElroy S, Renusch S, Ditsworth D, Lagier-Tourenne C, Smith RA, Ravits J, Burghes AH, Shaw PJ, Cleveland DW, Kolb SJ, Kaspar BK. Direct conversion of patient fibroblasts demonstrates non-cell autonomous toxicity of astrocytes to motor neurons in familial and sporadic ALS. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 111: 829-32. PMID 24379375 DOI: 10.1073/Pnas.1314085111  0.479
2014 Sahenk Z, Galloway G, Clark KR, Malik V, Rodino-Klapac LR, Kaspar BK, Chen L, Braganza C, Montgomery C, Mendell JR. AAV1.NT-3 gene therapy for charcot-marie-tooth neuropathy. Molecular Therapy : the Journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy. 22: 511-21. PMID 24162799 DOI: 10.1038/Mt.2013.250  0.38
2014 Mendell J, Sahenk Z, Rodino-Klapac L, Clark K, Lewis K, Shontz K, Al-Zaidy S, Alfano L, Lowes, L, Berry K, Malik V, Shilling C, Rosales X, Walker C, ... ... Kaspar B, et al. G.O.25 Neuromuscular Disorders. 24: 923. DOI: 10.1016/J.Nmd.2014.06.424  0.3
2014 Burghes A, Arnold D, Duque S, McGovern V, Ruhno C, Iyer C, Meyer K, Kaspar B. G.O.15 Neuromuscular Disorders. 24: 919. DOI: 10.1016/J.Nmd.2014.06.414  0.464
2013 Foust KD, Salazar DL, Likhite S, Ferraiuolo L, Ditsworth D, Ilieva H, Meyer K, Schmelzer L, Braun L, Cleveland DW, Kaspar BK. Therapeutic AAV9-mediated suppression of mutant SOD1 slows disease progression and extends survival in models of inherited ALS. Molecular Therapy : the Journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy. 21: 2148-59. PMID 24008656 DOI: 10.1038/Mt.2013.211  0.759
2013 Garg SK, Lioy DT, Cheval H, McGann JC, Bissonnette JM, Murtha MJ, Foust KD, Kaspar BK, Bird A, Mandel G. Systemic delivery of MeCP2 rescues behavioral and cellular deficits in female mouse models of Rett syndrome. The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society For Neuroscience. 33: 13612-20. PMID 23966684 DOI: 10.1523/Jneurosci.1854-13.2013  0.672
2013 Rodino-Klapac LR, Janssen PM, Shontz KM, Canan B, Montgomery CL, Griffin D, Heller K, Schmelzer L, Handy C, Clark KR, Sahenk Z, Mendell JR, Kaspar BK. Micro-dystrophin and follistatin co-delivery restores muscle function in aged DMD model. Human Molecular Genetics. 22: 4929-37. PMID 23863459 DOI: 10.1093/Hmg/Ddt342  0.346
2013 Ferraiuolo L, Frakes A, Kaspar BK. Neural stem cells as a therapeutic approach for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Molecular Therapy : the Journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy. 21: 503-5. PMID 23449106 DOI: 10.1038/Mt.2013.24  0.81
2013 Meyer K, Miranda CJ, Kaspar BK. Transplantation of gene-corrected motor neurons as a therapeutic strategy for spinal muscular atrophy. Molecular Therapy : the Journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy. 21: 502-3. PMID 23449105 DOI: 10.1038/Mt.2013.23  0.411
2013 Duque S, Porensky P, William DA, Odermatt P, Nlend RN, Bevan AK, Foust K, Braun L, Schmelzer L, Schumperli D, Kaspar BK, Burghes AHM. O.8 Intrathecal delivery of AAV9 vectors to model and rescue a large animal model of SMA Neuromuscular Disorders. 23: 797. DOI: 10.1016/J.Nmd.2013.06.558  0.448
2013 Burghes A, McGovern V, Porensky P, Arnold D, Laporte A, Foust K, Mitrpant C, Le T, Wilton S, Kaspar B. O.7 Spinal muscular atrophy: How it works and therapeutic targets Neuromuscular Disorders. 23: 797. DOI: 10.1016/J.Nmd.2013.06.557  0.437
2012 Ferraiuolo L, Kaspar BK. Gene delivery improvement for treating the lysosomal storage disorder metachromatic leukodystrophy. Human Gene Therapy. 23: 793-5. PMID 22900577 DOI: 10.1089/Hum.2012.2516  0.324
2012 Thévenot E, Jordão JF, O'Reilly MA, Markham K, Weng YQ, Foust KD, Kaspar BK, Hynynen K, Aubert I. Targeted delivery of self-complementary adeno-associated virus serotype 9 to the brain, using magnetic resonance imaging-guided focused ultrasound. Human Gene Therapy. 23: 1144-55. PMID 22838844 DOI: 10.1089/Hum.2012.013  0.756
2012 Mendell JR, Rodino-Klapac L, Sahenk Z, Malik V, Kaspar BK, Walker CM, Clark KR. Gene therapy for muscular dystrophy: lessons learned and path forward. Neuroscience Letters. 527: 90-9. PMID 22609847 DOI: 10.1016/J.Neulet.2012.04.078  0.372
2012 Samaranch L, Salegio EA, San Sebastian W, Kells AP, Foust KD, Bringas JR, Lamarre C, Forsayeth J, Kaspar BK, Bankiewicz KS. Adeno-associated virus serotype 9 transduction in the central nervous system of nonhuman primates. Human Gene Therapy. 23: 382-9. PMID 22201473 DOI: 10.1089/Hum.2011.200  0.704
2012 Porensky PN, Mitrpant C, McGovern VL, Bevan AK, Foust KD, Kaspar BK, Wilton SD, Burghes AH. A single administration of morpholino antisense oligomer rescues spinal muscular atrophy in mouse. Human Molecular Genetics. 21: 1625-38. PMID 22186025 DOI: 10.1093/Hmg/Ddr600  0.713
2012 Kota J, Shilling C, Montgomery C, Lewis S, Bevan A, Shontz K, Kaminoh Y, Rosales X, Viollet L, Flanigan K, Clark R, Kaspar B, Sahenk Z, Mendell J. Adeno-Associated Viral (AAV)-Mediated Follistatin (FS) Gene Transfer Toxicology Studies in Preparation for Phase I Clinical Trial (SC02.004) Neurology. 78: SC02.004-SC02.004. DOI: 10.1212/Wnl.78.1_Meetingabstracts.Sc02.004  0.352
2012 Burghes A, McGovern V, Porensky P, Duque S, Bevan A, Foust K, Odermatt P, Nlend R, Massoni-Laporte A, Mitrpant C, Wilton S, Schümperli D, Kaspar B. T.O.5 Spinal muscular atrophy SMA: SMNs spatial requirement and therapies Neuromuscular Disorders. 22: 907-908. DOI: 10.1016/J.Nmd.2012.06.342  0.468
2011 Lin Y, Roman K, Foust KD, Kaspar BK, Bailey MT, Stephens RL. Glutamate Transporter GLT-1 Upregulation Attenuates Visceral Nociception and Hyperalgesia via Spinal Mechanisms Not Related to Anti-Inflammatory or Probiotic Effects. Pain Research and Treatment. 2011: 507029. PMID 22220274 DOI: 10.1155/2011/507029  0.641
2011 Bockstael O, Foust KD, Kaspar B, Tenenbaum L. Recombinant AAV delivery to the central nervous system. Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.). 807: 159-77. PMID 22034030 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-370-7_7  0.72
2011 White RE, Rao M, Gensel JC, McTigue DM, Kaspar BK, Jakeman LB. Transforming growth factor α transforms astrocytes to a growth-supportive phenotype after spinal cord injury. The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society For Neuroscience. 31: 15173-87. PMID 22016551 DOI: 10.1523/Jneurosci.3441-11.2011  0.306
2011 Beastrom N, Lu H, Macke A, Canan BD, Johnson EK, Penton CM, Kaspar BK, Rodino-Klapac LR, Zhou L, Janssen PM, Montanaro F. mdx(⁵cv) mice manifest more severe muscle dysfunction and diaphragm force deficits than do mdx Mice. The American Journal of Pathology. 179: 2464-74. PMID 21893021 DOI: 10.1016/J.Ajpath.2011.07.009  0.348
2011 Fidler JA, Treleaven CM, Frakes A, Tamsett TJ, McCrate M, Cheng SH, Shihabuddin LS, Kaspar BK, Dodge JC. Disease progression in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: the influence of chronic stress and corticosterone. Faseb Journal : Official Publication of the Federation of American Societies For Experimental Biology. 25: 4369-77. PMID 21876068 DOI: 10.1096/Fj.11-190819  0.778
2011 Haidet-Phillips AM, Hester ME, Miranda CJ, Meyer K, Braun L, Frakes A, Song S, Likhite S, Murtha MJ, Foust KD, Rao M, Eagle A, Kammesheidt A, Christensen A, Mendell JR, ... ... Kaspar BK, et al. Astrocytes from familial and sporadic ALS patients are toxic to motor neurons. Nature Biotechnology. 29: 824-8. PMID 21832997 DOI: 10.1038/Nbt.1957  0.803
2011 Bevan AK, Duque S, Foust KD, Morales PR, Braun L, Schmelzer L, Chan CM, McCrate M, Chicoine LG, Coley BD, Porensky PN, Kolb SJ, Mendell JR, Burghes AH, Kaspar BK. Systemic gene delivery in large species for targeting spinal cord, brain, and peripheral tissues for pediatric disorders. Molecular Therapy : the Journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy. 19: 1971-80. PMID 21811247 DOI: 10.1038/Mt.2011.157  0.748
2011 Hester ME, Murtha MJ, Song S, Rao M, Miranda CJ, Meyer K, Tian J, Boulting G, Schaffer DV, Zhu MX, Pfaff SL, Gage FH, Kaspar BK. Rapid and efficient generation of functional motor neurons from human pluripotent stem cells using gene delivered transcription factor codes. Molecular Therapy : the Journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy. 19: 1905-12. PMID 21772256 DOI: 10.1038/Mt.2011.135  0.415
2011 Lioy DT, Garg SK, Monaghan CE, Raber J, Foust KD, Kaspar BK, Hirrlinger PG, Kirchhoff F, Bissonnette JM, Ballas N, Mandel G. A role for glia in the progression of Rett's syndrome. Nature. 475: 497-500. PMID 21716289 DOI: 10.1038/Nature10214  0.701
2011 Jukkola PI, Rogers JT, Kaspar BK, Weeber EJ, Nishijima I. Secretin deficiency causes impairment in survival of neural progenitor cells in mice. Human Molecular Genetics. 20: 1000-7. PMID 21159798 DOI: 10.1093/Hmg/Ddq545  0.356
2011 Dodge J, Kaspar B, Shihabuddin L, Cheng S. P4.56 Alleviation of a cacostatic stress response slows disease progression in a mouse model of familial ALS Neuromuscular Disorders. 21: 721. DOI: 10.1016/J.Nmd.2011.06.1021  0.302
2011 Foust KD, Kaspar BK. Delivery strategies for RNAi to the nervous system Neuromethods. 58: 59-76. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-114-7_4  0.639
2010 Dodge JC, Treleaven CM, Fidler JA, Hester M, Haidet A, Handy C, Rao M, Eagle A, Matthews JC, Taksir TV, Cheng SH, Shihabuddin LS, Kaspar BK. AAV4-mediated expression of IGF-1 and VEGF within cellular components of the ventricular system improves survival outcome in familial ALS mice. Molecular Therapy : the Journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy. 18: 2075-84. PMID 20859261 DOI: 10.1038/Mt.2010.206  0.501
2010 Bevan AK, Hutchinson KR, Foust KD, Braun L, McGovern VL, Schmelzer L, Ward JG, Petruska JC, Lucchesi PA, Burghes AH, Kaspar BK. Early heart failure in the SMNDelta7 model of spinal muscular atrophy and correction by postnatal scAAV9-SMN delivery. Human Molecular Genetics. 19: 3895-905. PMID 20639395 DOI: 10.1093/Hmg/Ddq300  0.724
2010 Sahenk Z, Galloway G, Edwards C, Malik V, Kaspar BK, Eagle A, Yetter B, Forgie A, Tsao D, Lin JC. TrkB and TrkC agonist antibodies improve function, electrophysiologic and pathologic features in Trembler J mice. Experimental Neurology. 224: 495-506. PMID 20553714 DOI: 10.1016/J.Expneurol.2010.05.013  0.315
2010 Haidet AM, Mendell JR, Kaspar BK. Could gene therapy be the future for muscular dystrophy? Therapy. 7: 287-290. PMID 20543898 DOI: 10.2217/Thy.10.14  0.392
2010 Foust KD, Wang X, McGovern VL, Braun L, Bevan AK, Haidet AM, Le TT, Morales PR, Rich MM, Burghes AH, Kaspar BK. Rescue of the spinal muscular atrophy phenotype in a mouse model by early postnatal delivery of SMN. Nature Biotechnology. 28: 271-4. PMID 20190738 DOI: 10.1038/Nbt.1610  0.753
2009 Kota J, Handy CR, Haidet AM, Montgomery CL, Eagle A, Rodino-Klapac LR, Tucker D, Shilling CJ, Therlfall WR, Walker CM, Weisbrode SE, Janssen PM, Clark KR, Sahenk Z, Mendell JR, ... Kaspar BK, et al. Follistatin gene delivery enhances muscle growth and strength in nonhuman primates. Science Translational Medicine. 1: 6ra15. PMID 20368179 DOI: 10.1126/Scitranslmed.3000112  0.341
2009 Foust KD, Kaspar BK. Over the barrier and through the blood: to CNS delivery we go. Cell Cycle (Georgetown, Tex.). 8: 4017-8. PMID 19949299 DOI: 10.4161/Cc.8.24.10245  0.74
2009 Hester ME, Foust KD, Kaspar RW, Kaspar BK. AAV as a gene transfer vector for the treatment of neurological disorders: novel treatment thoughts for ALS. Current Gene Therapy. 9: 428-33. PMID 19860657 DOI: 10.2174/156652309789753383  0.767
2009 Kaspar RW, Wills CE, Kaspar BK. Gene therapy and informed consent decision making: nursing research directions. Biological Research For Nursing. 11: 98-107. PMID 19398415 DOI: 10.1177/1099800409333169  0.335
2009 Excoffon KJ, Koerber JT, Dickey DD, Murtha M, Keshavjee S, Kaspar BK, Zabner J, Schaffer DV. Directed evolution of adeno-associated virus to an infectious respiratory virus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 106: 3865-70. PMID 19237554 DOI: 10.1073/Pnas.0813365106  0.312
2009 Rodino-Klapac LR, Haidet AM, Kota J, Handy C, Kaspar BK, Mendell JR. Inhibition of myostatin with emphasis on follistatin as a therapy for muscle disease. Muscle & Nerve. 39: 283-96. PMID 19208403 DOI: 10.1002/Mus.21244  0.337
2009 Foust KD, Nurre E, Montgomery CL, Hernandez A, Chan CM, Kaspar BK. Intravascular AAV9 preferentially targets neonatal neurons and adult astrocytes. Nature Biotechnology. 27: 59-65. PMID 19098898 DOI: 10.1038/Nbt.1515  0.755
2008 Kaspar BK. Mesenchymal stem cells as trojan horses for GDNF delivery in ALS. Molecular Therapy : the Journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy. 16: 1905-6. PMID 19023270 DOI: 10.1038/Mt.2008.216  0.46
2008 Dodge JC, Haidet AM, Yang W, Passini MA, Hester M, Clarke J, Roskelley EM, Treleaven CM, Rizo L, Martin H, Kim SH, Kaspar R, Taksir TV, Griffiths DA, Cheng SH, ... ... Kaspar BK, et al. Delivery of AAV-IGF-1 to the CNS extends survival in ALS mice through modification of aberrant glial cell activity. Molecular Therapy : the Journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy. 16: 1056-64. PMID 18388910 DOI: 10.1038/Mt.2008.60  0.446
2008 Haidet AM, Rizo L, Handy C, Umapathi P, Eagle A, Shilling C, Boue D, Martin PT, Sahenk Z, Mendell JR, Kaspar BK. Long-term enhancement of skeletal muscle mass and strength by single gene administration of myostatin inhibitors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105: 4318-22. PMID 18334646 DOI: 10.1073/Pnas.0709144105  0.303
2008 McCrate ME, Kaspar BK. Physical activity and neuroprotection in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuromolecular Medicine. 10: 108-17. PMID 18286388 DOI: 10.1007/S12017-008-8030-5  0.378
2008 Miller TM, Smith RA, Kordasiewicz H, Kaspar BK. Gene-targeted therapies for the central nervous system. Archives of Neurology. 65: 447-51. PMID 18268183 DOI: 10.1001/Archneur.65.4.Nnr70007  0.381
2007 Rodino-Klapac LR, Chicoine LG, Kaspar BK, Mendell JR. Gene therapy for duchenne muscular dystrophy: expectations and challenges. Archives of Neurology. 64: 1236-41. PMID 17846262 DOI: 10.1001/Archneur.64.9.1236  0.39
2007 Dodge J, Treleaven C, Yang W, Clarke J, Martin H, Handy C, Hester M, Taksir T, Griffiths D, Cheng S, Kaspar B, Shihabuddin L. G.P.11.07 AAV mediated gene transfer of IGF-1 and VEGF to the ventricular system provides significant therapeutic benefit in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Neuromuscular Disorders. 17: 824-825. DOI: 10.1016/J.Nmd.2007.06.214  0.342
2006 Suhonen J, Ray J, Blömer U, Gage FH, Kaspar B. Ex vivo and in vivo gene delivery to the brain. Current Protocols in Human Genetics / Editorial Board, Jonathan L. Haines ... [Et Al.]. Unit 13.3. PMID 18428389 DOI: 10.1002/0471142905.Hg1303S51  0.357
2006 Koerber JT, Maheshri N, Kaspar BK, Schaffer DV. Construction of diverse adeno-associated viral libraries for directed evolution of enhanced gene delivery vehicles. Nature Protocols. 1: 701-6. PMID 17406299 DOI: 10.1038/Nprot.2006.93  0.322
2006 Miller TM, Kim SH, Yamanaka K, Hester M, Umapathi P, Arnson H, Rizo L, Mendell JR, Gage FH, Cleveland DW, Kaspar BK. Gene transfer demonstrates that muscle is not a primary target for non-cell-autonomous toxicity in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103: 19546-51. PMID 17164329 DOI: 10.1073/Pnas.0609411103  0.426
2006 Maheshri N, Koerber JT, Kaspar BK, Schaffer DV. Directed evolution of adeno-associated virus yields enhanced gene delivery vectors. Nature Biotechnology. 24: 198-204. PMID 16429148 DOI: 10.1038/Nbt1182  0.348
2006 Haenggeli C, Lepore AC, Perez N, Kaspar BK, Rothstein JD. 245. Delivery of IGF-1 in the Spinal Cord of a Mouse Model of ALS after Intraparenchymal Injection of an Adeno-Associated Vector Molecular Therapy. 13: S94. DOI: 10.1016/J.Ymthe.2006.08.272  0.515
2006 Dodge JC, Passini MA, Clarke J, Grissett L, Kim SH, Wen R, Taksir TV, Griffiths DA, Cheng SH, Kaspar BK, Shihabuddin LS. 1062. Intracerebellar Injection of AAV-IGF-1 Improves Motor Function and Extends Survival in a Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Molecular Therapy. 13: S407. DOI: 10.1016/J.Ymthe.2006.08.1160  0.514
2006 Rizo L, Shilling C, Haidet A, Umapathi Umapathi P, Sahenk Z, Mendell JR, Kaspar BK. 914. Recombinant AAV Gene Delivery of Follistatin for Muscle Enhancement in Models of Muscular Dystrophy Molecular Therapy. 13: S352. DOI: 10.1016/J.Ymthe.2006.08.1004  0.357
2005 Miller TM, Kaspar BK, Kops GJ, Yamanaka K, Christian LJ, Gage FH, Cleveland DW. Virus-delivered small RNA silencing sustains strength in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Annals of Neurology. 57: 773-6. PMID 15852369 DOI: 10.1002/Ana.20453  0.315
2005 Koerber JT, Maheshri N, Kaspar B, Schaffer DV. 1085. Directed Evolution of AAV2 Leads to Improved Viral Function Molecular Therapy. 11. DOI: 10.1016/J.Ymthe.2005.07.632  0.35
2005 Haenggeli C, Rothstein JD, Kaspar BK. 653. Injection of AAV Directly into the Spinal Cord Increases Levels of Gene Expression Molecular Therapy. 11. DOI: 10.1016/J.Ymthe.2005.07.193  0.49
2005 Haenggeli C, Kaspar B, Rothstein J. 652. Adeno-Associated Vector Delivery of Gutamate Transporters in an ALS Mouse Model Molecular Therapy. 11. DOI: 10.1016/J.Ymthe.2005.07.192  0.475
2005 Kaspar BK, Christian L, Frost L, Rothstein JD, Gage FH. 650. AAV-IGF1 and Exercise for Synergistic Therapies in ALS Molecular Therapy. 11. DOI: 10.1016/J.Ymthe.2005.07.190  0.456
2004 Maheshri N, Kaspar B, Schaffer DV. 20. Directed Evolution of AAV2 Yields Novel Capsid Variants Molecular Therapy. 9. DOI: 10.1016/J.Ymthe.2004.05.101  0.388
2004 Kaspar BK, Vich J, Christian L, Rothsten JD, Gage FH. 44. AAV Retrograde Transport Potential and Therapeutic Approaches for ALS|[ast]| Molecular Therapy. 9. DOI: 10.1016/J.Ymthe.2004.05.066  0.433
2003 Kaspar BK, Lladó J, Sherkat N, Rothstein JD, Gage FH. Retrograde viral delivery of IGF-1 prolongs survival in a mouse ALS model. Science (New York, N.Y.). 301: 839-42. PMID 12907804 DOI: 10.1126/Science.1086137  0.403
2002 Kaspar BK, Vissel B, Bengoechea T, Crone S, Randolph-Moore L, Muller R, Brandon EP, Schaffer D, Verma IM, Lee KF, Heinemann SF, Gage FH. Adeno-associated virus effectively mediates conditional gene modification in the brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99: 2320-5. PMID 11842206 DOI: 10.1073/Pnas.042678699  0.736
2002 Kaspar BK, Erickson D, Schaffer D, Hinh L, Gage FH, Peterson DA. Targeted retrograde gene delivery for neuronal protection. Molecular Therapy : the Journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy. 5: 50-6. PMID 11786045 DOI: 10.1006/mthe.2001.0520  0.327
1997 Snyder RO, Spratt SK, Lagarde C, Bohl D, Kaspar B, Sloan B, Cohen LK, Danos O. Efficient and stable adeno-associated virus-mediated transduction in the skeletal muscle of adult immunocompetent mice Human Gene Therapy. 8: 1891-1900. PMID 9382955 DOI: 10.1089/Hum.1997.8.16-1891  0.351
Show low-probability matches.